Why Leaders Lie - Mearsheimer, John J_.original_ [65]
lying and, 21–21
lying, impact of, 85
Ponsonby, Arthur, 43
Powell, Jody, 31
lie about military operation to free American hostages, 35
Powell, Colin, 50, 55
preventive wars, prohibition of, 61–62
promiscuous lying, 85
psychological scare campaign, 56
public support, through lying, 21, 55–59, 61–62
Qibya massacre, Israel’s strategic cover-ups, 65–66
Reagan, Ronald, 28, 108n2
Renan, Ernest, 71
Rich, Norman, 36
risks, international lying (see specific lying/lies)
rival states
inter-state lies to, 44
lack of trust between, 100
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 40, 78
fearmongering, 46–47
Gulf of Tonkin, and North Vietnam War, 7
on Soviet responsibility, 129n9
World War II, United States participation in, 6–7
routine lying, consequences of, 84
at home front, 86
Rumsfeld, Donald, fearmongering, 51
Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Columbia University, ix
selfish lies, 11 (see also altruistic lies)
Shamir, Yitzhak, inter-state lies, 28–29
Sharett, Moshe, 108n3 (ch.3)
Schelling, Thomas, 40
secrecy, 25
Shamir, Yitzhak, 28–29
Sharett, Moshe, lying about surveillance program, 39–40
Sharon, Major Ariel, 65
Shlaim, Avi, 65
social imperialism, 23, 24
Soviet Union
breakup of, 75–76
downplaying hostile intentions, 34
missile attack on Cuba, 33
Moscow, lie on biological weapons handling, 33–34
spinning, 9, 13, 25, 27, 49–55 (see also deceptions)
characteristics, 18–19
counter-spinners, 19
definition of, 16–17
downplaying facts, 16
exaggeration, 17
by lawyers, in truth finding, 107n4
as legitimate, 10
spying or sabotage, lying about, 38–39
Stalin, Josef, 78
downplaying hostile intentions, 34
lie about Soviet military, 31
Western allies’ portrayal of, 79
state-building process, and nationalist myths, 75–76
straightforwardness, 15
strategic benefits, deceptions providing, 99–100
strategic cover-ups, 22, 63–70
circumstances for, 68–70
democracy versus nondemocracy, 69–70
for failed policy, 94–95
in foreign policy realm, 93–94
and geography, 68
hiding controversial policy, 66–70
hiding failure and incompetence, 64–66
at home front, 92
intended audience for, 64–65
purpose of, 23, 24
risks of, 93–94
during wartime, 68–69
strategic deception campaigns, 40
strategic lies, 11
strategic nuclear parity
Kissinger, Henry, comment on, 112n24
surveillance program, 38–40, 100
Sylvester, Arthur, 30–31
target audience
spinning, 18–19
strategic cover-ups, 64–65
Taylor, Henry, on falsehoods, 19
threat deflation, 61, 91, 108n3
threat inflation, 61, 91
treaties
inter-state lies during negotiations, 40
Treaty of Brussels, 35–36
Treaty of Dunkirk, 35–36
Versailles Treaty, violation by German military, 67
Truman administration, 122n48
fearmongering in, 56
truth telling, 15
military’s role in, 114n31
truthfulness, 16
United States
empty threat of bombing Libya, 36
foreign policy, 101
false report on Muammar al-Gaddafi, 36
lie about North Korea selling uranium hexafluoride to Libya, 38
lies to Western European allies for EDC Treaty ratification, 41–42
lying on downing of the U-2 spy plane, 38–39
secret agreement with Japan during Cold War, 67–68
United States Code, 106n1, 107n6
University of Chicago Program on International Security Policy, x
USS Greer incident. See Greer incident
Van Evera, Stephen, 71, 75
Versailles Treaty, violation by German military, 67
von Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred, false claim on fleet building, 32
Walzer, Michael, 81
Warsaw Pact nations, 36–37
wartime, 43
liberal lies during, 77–78
nationalist myths during, 75
strategic cover-ups during, 68–69
Wehrmacht, the, 72–73
When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences (Alterman), 10
white lies, 7, 87
withholding information, 17, 20 (see also concealment)
WMD capabilities, Iraq, 50–51
Bush administration on, 51–52
terrorism and, 55
Wolfowitz, Paul, 52
Woods, Tiger, 17
World Trade Center, September 11 attack
Bush briefing on, 119–20n35
World War I, 43, 61, 64, 95, 96
Britain’s lies on tank manufacturing, 33
World