Windswept_ The Story of Wind and Weather - Marq de Villiers [141]
41 Bowyer, Where the Wind Blows, p. 20, and from Tamara Gates, Environment Canada.
42 Information about Cermak and Davenport from Leighton S. Cochran, associate at Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc.
43 Estanislao Oziewicz,"Ivan Brushes Cuba and Heads for the Gulf," Globe and Mail, September 14, 2004.
44 Ibid.
45 Joy Woller, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Physical Chemistry Lab.
46 Boundary Layer wind tunnel laboratory study, 2002.
CHAPTER FIVE
The Art of Prediction
Where the Wind Blows is one of those rare publications that delivers more than it promises. It is an admirably clear exposition of weather and its causes edited by Peter Bowyer of the Canadian Hurricane Centre.
!The Fantome's demise is the subject of a gripping book by Jim Carrier, The Ship and the Storm.
2 Defoe, The Storm, pp. x, 60, 66-67.
3 Sheets and Williams, Hurricane Watch, p. 4.
4 Bowyer, Where the Wind Blows, pp. 30-32.
5 Smith, Southern Winds, p. 11.
6 Bowyer, Where the Wind Blows, p. 6.
7 Trachard, Voyage to Siam, p. 34.
8 David Kasanof, "The Lore of the Sea," Wooden Boat magazine, January-February 2003, p. 13.
9 Newton, Encyclopedia of Air, p. 72.
10 Robert T Ryan, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1982, quoted on NASA's earth observatory Web site.
11 Bowyer, Where the Wind Blows, p. 10.
12 This brief history of weather forecasting is by Steve Graham, Claire Parkinson, and Mous Chahine, from NASA, The Earth Observatory.
13 Beaufort's story is very well told in Scott Huler's Defining the Wind. Some of the information about Beaufort here is from that source.
14 British Met Office, via BBC weather service.
15 Scott, Defining the Wind, p. 48.
16 Zebrowski, Perils, p. 249.
17 David E. Fisher, The Scariest Place on Earth: Eye to Eye with Hurricanes, quoted in Carrier, The Ship and the Storm, p. 137.
18 Scale reproduced from http://www.tornadoproject.com (St. Johnsburg, Vermont).
19 Newton, Encyclopedia of Air,pp. 11—12.
20 DeBlieu, Winds, p. 174.
21 The formula is: W = 13.12 + 0.6215 T/r-11.37 Vo.16 + 0.3965 Tair V0.16, where W = the wind chill index, based on the Celsius temperature scale; but note that it is expressed without units, i.e., not with °C. Tair— the air temperature in degrees Celsius. V = the wind speed at 10 meters in km/h.
22 BBC weather service.
23 BBC weather service.
24 Sheets and Williams, Hurricane Watch, p. 61 ff; Larson, Isaac's Storm, p. 9.
2 5NOAA Web site, October 10, 2003. www.noaa.gov.
26 From a discussion on the WaterObserver.org Web site by Robert Beal of Johns Hopkins and William Pichel of NOAA.
27 Sharon Kedar and Frank Webb, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Science, February 4, 2005, p. 682.
28 WaterObserver.org.
29 Ibid.
30 Bill Power, "Hurricane Sounds Fascinate Acoustics Scientist," Halifax Chronicle Herald, December 2, 2003.
31 Carrier, The Ship and the Storm, p. 83.
32 Interview, November 2004.
33 Summary of the models by Mark DeMaria, National Hurricane Center, November 26, 1997.
34 Fogarty interview, 2004.
35 Carrier, The Ship and the Storm, p. 71.
36 Much of the Herb Hilgenberg material was first published in Canadian Geographic magazine, "The Beacon of Burlington," September—October 1997.
CHAPTER SIX
The Most Furious Gale
Apart from Hurricane Watch, already cited, Ernest Zebrowski Jr.'s Perils of a Restless Planet contains excellent discussions on wind force (cited in the text), hurricane origins, and computer tracking of storms. Wind damage is only one of the perils Zebrowski deals with in his fascinating book, which I highly recommend.
1 Sheets and Williams, Hurricane Watch, p. 16.
2 Gerry Forbes, head of Sable Island Station, interview with Sheila Hirtle, October 2002.
3 Paul Doherty, "Blowing in the Wind," December 20, 2001. On the Ex-ploratorium Web site, http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins.
4 March-April 2000 issue of Archeology magazine, quoted by Gareth Cook, "Visions in the Sound: Could it Be that the Pyramids Were Inspired, Not by Aliens, but by the Desert Itself?" Boston Globe, May 15, 2001, p. C i.
5 Herodotus, Histories,