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natural aerosols; and AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers), a device for remote sensing, which showed the distribution of four major aerosol types, soil dust, and carbonaceous emissions, sulfates, and sea-salt aerosols in the east China Sea. Finally, NASA contributed an aircraft- and shuttle-based study called the Global Tropospheric Experiment, with four separate field missions: Pacific Exploratory Missions A and B, which studied the impact of emissions from Asia over the western Pacific and near the equator in the Atlantic; TRACE-A, which investigated trace gases over the tropical Atlantic; and TRACE-P, which did the same over the Pacific.

14 Both these quotes, as it happens, were from a single National Geographic article on carbon dioxide, "The Case of the Missing Carbon" by Tim Appen-zeller, in the February 2004 issue, but there are dozens like them.

15 Newton, Encyclopedia of Air, p. 74.

16Vaitheeswaran, Power to the People, p. 127.

17 "Hockey stick" graph by Michael Mann, et al., in Nature, no. 392, April 23, 1998, pp. 779-787. See also Scientific American, March 2005, p. 34. Hansen's study is available through Science Express, April 28,2005 (http://www.sciencexpress.org).

18 Palle et al., "Changes in Earth's Reflectance Over the Past Two Decades," Science, May 28, 2004; the second study that disputed its conclusions, in the same magazine, May 6, 2005.

19Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, March 2001.

20 Ed Ayres, Worldwatch, November-December 2004, p. 14.

21 Vaitheeswaran, Power to the People, p. 124.

22 Tim Appenzeller, "The Case of the Missing Carbon," National Geographic, February 2004.

23 Study featured in Science, February 25, 2005, p. 1190.

24 Webster, et al, Science, September 2005, p. 1844.

25 Hurricane Watch, p. 267.

26 Jennifer Kahn, Harper's, May 2004, p. 83.

27 Tim Appenzeller, "The Case of the Missing Carbon," National Geographic, February 2004.

28 David Ebner,"Kyoto Solution?" Globe and Mail, September 7, 2004, p. Bi.

29Environmental Protection Agency report, February 28, 2005.

30 Kahn, Harper's (see ref 26).

31 Vaitheeswaran, Power to the People, p. 167.

32 Environmental News Service, February i, 2004.

33David W Keith and Alexander E. Farrell, "Rethinking Hydrogen Cars," Science, no. 301, July 18, 2003, p. 315.

34Vaitheeswaran, Power to the People, p. 113.

35 The eleven companies were Alcoa; Anglo American, the South African mining house; Cemex, Holsim, and Lafarge, all three cement companies; Hewlett-Packard; the Russian joint stock company Unified Energy System; RWE, a German utility; Scottish Power; Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company; and Vitro.

36 "The Future Is Clean," The Economist, September 4, 2004, p. 61.

37 Environment News Service, April 12, 2005.

38Vaitheeswaran, Power to the People, pp. 158-59; and Center for Atmospheric Science Web site, U.K. www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/cas/.

CHAPTER EIGHT

The Technology of Wind

The best sources for information on the rapidly changing world of wind power generation is Paul Gipes's Wind Power Comes of Age, an admirably dispassionate book from a wind power proponent, and the Web site wind power.org. Vijay Vaitheeswaran's book, cited in the previous chapter, is also good on the potential future of renewable energy.

1 P A. Glick, USDA Technical Bulletin #673, 1939. pp. 9, 10

2 DeBlieu, Wind, p. 101.

3 Ibid.,p. 87. See other discussions in the same book on insects and the winds.

4 Paul Evans, "Aerial Acrobatics," The Guardian, February 11, 2005, p. 22

5 Newton, Encyclopedia of Air, p. 88

6 Ulrike Miiller and David Lentink, "Turning on a Dime," Science, December 10, 2004, p. 1899, commenting on study by J. J. Videler, et al., published in the same issue.

7 This and following anecdotes on early aeronautics from Newton, Encyclopedia ofAir,pp. 5,125,153,179.

8 Lilienthal data and quotes from a Web-based biography by Gary Bradshaw. www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/taleplane.html.

9 Michael Klesius,"The Future of Flying," National Geographic, December 2003.

10 Menzies, 1421, p. 85.

11 Johnson, Phantom Islands,