Witchcraft in Early North America - Alison Games [64]
105. Virginia Lunsford, “The Witch in Colonial Virginia: A Question of Gender and Family Relations,” Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine 43, no. 1 (1993): 5007–16.
106. Floyd Painter, “An Early Eighteenth-Century Witch Bottle: A Legacy of the Wicked Witch of Pungo,” Chesopiean 18, nos. 3–6 (1980): 62.
107. On migration in this period, see Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
108. Karlsen, Devil, statistics on sex ratio from tables 1 and 2, 48–49; information on age structure, 64–70.
109. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony of Massachusetts-Bay (Boston, 1764), 1:187–88.
110. Karlsen, Devil, 102.
111. On parental control over land, see Philip G. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970).
112. See Karlsen, Devil, ch. 6.
113. John P. Demos, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 154.
114. Demos, Entertaining Satan, ch. 6.
115. Lou Rose, “A Memorable Trial in Seventeenth-Century Maryland,” Maryland Historical Magazine 83, no. 4 (1988): 365–68; See the trial record in Archives of Maryland, vol. 10, Judicial and Testamentary Business of the Provincial Court, 1649/50–1657 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883–1925), 456–458.
116. The Maryland cases appear in Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1648–1655, 3:306–8 (Mary Lee), and Provincial Court Proceedings, 1659, 41:327–29 (Elizabeth Richardson). For the Virginia case, see Philip Alexander Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), 243.
117. See Christina Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
118. Nahum Tate, Brutus of Alba, or, The Enchanted Lovers (London, 1678).
119. See Elaine Forman Crane, “Bermuda, Witchcraft, and the Quaker Threat,” a paper delivered to the Society of Early Americanists Biennial Conference, March 2009, Hamilton, Bermuda. On Quakers and witchcraft in Massachusetts, see Christine Leigh Heyrman, Commerce and Culture: The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 1690–1750 (New York: Norton, 1984), 108–13.
120. Carla Gardina Pestana, “Martyred by the Saints: Quaker Executions in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts,” in Allan Greer and Jodi Bilinkoff, eds., Colonial Saints: Discovering the Holy in the Americas, 1500–1800 (New York: Routledge, 2003), 169–92.
121. Quakers figured in the Salem outbreak of 1692; there, many accused witches came from households that contained Quakers. Indeed, Heyrman suggests that the Quaker connection is the best way to make sense of an otherwise anomalous accusation during the outbreak, that of Rebecca Nurse, who was a church member, part of a prosperous family, and a well-known member of the community. Nurse and her husband had taken in an orphan ward whose father was Quaker. That, Heyrman suggests, singled her out as an appropriate target for accusations of witchcraft. Heyrman, Commerce and Culture, 108–13.
122. Carla Gardina Pestana, Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 123.
123. On this migration, see Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 2, 5.
124. George Lincoln Burr, ed., Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648–1706 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914), 82–83.
125. Burr, ed., Narratives, 85–87, quotation from 87.
126. John Costello, “Cultural Vestiges and Cultural Blends among the Pennsylvania Germans,” New York Folklore Society 3, nos. 1–4 (1977): 108.
127. Elizabeth W. Fisher, “‘Prophesies and Revelations’: German Cabbalists in Early Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 109, no. 3 (July 1985): 299–333.
128. A. G. Roeber, “‘The Origins of Whatever Is Not English among