Your Medical Mind_ How to Decide What Is Right for You - Jerome Groopman [108]
77 Several other excellent articles relevant to the experiences of Lisa Norton and Carl Simpson are Terry Connolly et al., “Regret and responsibility in the evaluation of decision outcomes,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 70 (1997), pp. 73–85; Terry Connolly, David Butler, “Regret in economic and psychological theories of choice,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 19 (2006), pp. 139–154; Terry Connolly, Jochen Reb, “Regret in cancer-related decisions,” Health Psychology 24 (2005), pp. S29–S34; Hannah Faye Chua et al., “Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment,” NeuroImage 47 (2009), pp. 2031–2040. Regret is often characterized as irrational and an impediment to sound choices. But some researchers contend that anticipated regret can be “rational” if it approximates the degree of regret that one experiences in the future. Similarly, experienced regret is “rational” if one can learn from it. Several germane articles include Terry Connolly, Marcel Zeelenberg, “Regret in decision making,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (2002), pp. 212–216; Marcel Zeelenberg et al., “Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisions: The role of counterfactual thought in the experience of regret and disappointment,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 75 (1998), pp. 117–141; Marcel Zeelenberg et al., “The experience of regret and disappointment,” Cognition and Emotion 12 (1998), pp. 221–230.
78 Marco daCosta DiBonaventura of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Gretchen Chapman of Rutgers University explore a number of issues related to being vaccinated for influenza: “Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination,” Medical Decision Making 28 (2008), pp. 532–539. Chapman relates this to different forecasting scenarios where there is short-term cost versus long-term gain: Gretchen B. Chapman et al., “Value for the future and preventive health behavior,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 7 (2001), pp. 235–250.
80 The literature on patient emotions and physician relationships, relevant to patient feelings of disappointing the doctor, the power imbalance, and difficulty in challenging an expert: Vikki A. Entwistle et al., “Supporting patient autonomy: The importance of clinician-patient relationships,” JGIM (Online First, March 6, 2010); Debra Roter, Judith A. Hall, Doctors Talking with Patients/Patients Talking with Doctors (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing, 2006); and Jerome Groopman, How Doctors Think (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
81 The reader may surmise that Pam’s mother is a deep doubter with a naturalism bias, while Jerry’s mother was a believer, profoundly respectful of the medical profession and its technology.
83 Carl E. Schneider highlights the cultural pressures that may cause physicians to refrain from giving direct advice for fear of violating patient autonomy: Carl E. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
85 Dr. James Weinstein, an orthopedic surgeon at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, is a leading advocate of shared medical decision making in approaching orthopedic surgery, where data on outcomes are often limited and where indications can vary significantly from patient to patient; see James N. Weinstein, Kate Clay, Tamara S. Morgan, “Informed patient choice: Patient-centered valuing of surgical risks and benefits,” Health Affairs 26 (2007), pp. 726–730; Barry Schwartz, Jim Weinstein, “Partnership: Doctor and patient,” Spine 30 (2005), pp. 269–271.
CHAPTER 5: NEIGHBORLY ADVICE
87 Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy other than skin cancer in the United States. In 2010, about 212,000 men received the diagnosis. Over the course of a lifetime, the risk of an American man developing prostate cancer is 16 percent,