1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [229]
10. Boston Daily Advertiser, Oct. 9, 1860.
11. New York Herald, Dec. 31, 1860.
12. Reinhard H. Luthin, The First Lincoln Campaign (Gloucester, Mass., 1964), pp. 169–70; Earl Schenck Miers, ed., Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809–1865 (Washington, 1960), vol. 2, pp. 282–84. No less a sage than William Cullen Bryant advised Lincoln: “Make no speeches, write no letters as a candidate, enter into no pledges, make no promises.” Bryant to Lincoln, June 16, 1860, quoted in Gil Troy, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), pp. 61–62; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 1, p. 656.
13. Troy, See How They Ran, pp. 64–66; The Ripley [Ohio] Bee, Aug. 16, 1860; Freedom’s Champion [Atchison, Kansas], Sept. 1, 1860; Wayne C. Williams, A Rail Splitter for President (Denver, 1951), pp. 36–37.
14. Lincoln remained very disconcerted by the experience. “I was afraid of being caught and crushed in that crowd,” he wrote afterward. “The American people remind me of a flock of sheep.” Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, p. 651; Williams, A Rail Splitter, pp. 109–110; New York Herald, Aug. 14, 1860.
15. Joshua Wolf Shenk, Lincoln’s Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness (Boston, 2005), p. 3.
16. Wayne C. Temple, “Lincoln’s Fence Rails,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 47 (1954), pp. 21–28; Mark A. Plummer, Lincoln’s Rail-Splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby (Urbana, Ill., 2001), pp. 44–45.
17. Williams, A Rail Splitter, p. 50.
18. Gary Kulik, “The Worm Fence” in Between Fences, ed. Gregory K. Dreicer (Princeton, N.J., 1996), pp. 20–22; John Stilgoe, Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845 (New Haven, 1982), pp. 321–23. Interestingly, many friends and family members who had known Lincoln in his youth said he’d hated physical labor. “Abe was awful lazy,” one farmer who’d employed him told an interviewer in 1865. John Hanks’s own brother Charles said publicly during the 1860 campaign that “jumping and wrestling were his only accomplishments. His laziness was the source of many mortifications to me; for as I was an older boy than either Abe or John, I often had to do Abe’s work at uncle’s, when the family were sick … and Abe would be rollicking about the country neglecting them.” (Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, pp. 77, 667.)
19. Williams, A Rail Splitter, pp. 158–59; New York Herald, Sept. 29, 1860.
20. Contrary to what some have assumed, the Democrats’ split did not directly bring about Lincoln’s victory. Even if the party, and the Constitutional Unionists, for that matter, had united behind a single candidate, Lincoln would still have won enough electoral votes to give him the presidency.
21. Quoted in the Daily Ohio Statesman, Jan. 28, 1860.
22. Troy, See How They Ran, p. 65.
23. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War, 2nd ed. (New York, 1995), pp. 216–19; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, p. 669.
24. See, e.g., New-York Tribune, Oct. 28, 1860.
25. See Foner, Free Soil, esp. chaps. 1–2.
26. James M. Volo and Dorothy Denneen Volo, The Antebellum Period (Westport, Conn., 2004), p. 68.
27. F. H. Sangborn and William Harris, eds., A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy (Boston, 1893), vol. 1, pp. 145–46; Geraldine Brooks, “Orpheus at the Plough,” The New Yorker, Jan. 10, 2005, p. 58.
28. William Carlos Martyn, Wendell Phillips: The Agitator (Boston, 1890), p. 149; Boston City Directory for 1855 (Boston, 1855); Boston City Directory for 1865 (Boston, 1865).
29. Oscar Sherwin, Apostle of Liberty: The Life and Times of Wendell Phillips (New York, 1958), pp. 323–33; Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York, 1998), pp. 440–42.
30. Mayer, All on Fire, pp. 443–45; Ralph Korngold, Two Friends of Man: The Story of William