1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [230]
31. Mayer, All on Fire, p. 510; Korngold, Two Friends of Man, pp. 269–70.
32. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, p. 664; San Antonio Ledger and Texan, July 28, 1860.
33. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, p. 664. The newspaper’s editors were perhaps unaware that Washington had died childless and that Lafayette’s descendants all lived in France.
34. Ibid. p. 665; New York Herald, Oct. 24, 1860.
35. New York Herald, Oct. 5, 1860.
36. Council Bluffs [Iowa] Bugle, Oct. 31, 1860.
37. New York Herald, July 12, 1860.
38. Osborn H. Oldroyd, Lincoln’s Campaign: Or the Political Revolution of 1860 (Chicago, 1896), pp. 104–05; New York Herald, Sept. 10 and 19, 1860; The Mississippian [Jackson], Sept. 28, 1860; Jon Grinspan, “ ‘Young Men for War’: The Wide Awakes and Lincoln’s 1860 Campaign,” Journal of American History, vol. 96, no. 2 (Sept. 2009), pp. 357–78. Grinspan’s recent article is the only in-depth account of the Wide Awakes that has ever been published.
One variation on the Hartford story had it that the five shop clerks were attacked en route to the hotel by a burly Democrat who tried to throw one of them to the ground. He was laid low by a swing of the young clerk’s torch. (Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, Oct. 13, 1860.)
39. New York Herald, Sept. 19 and 26, 1860.
40. Grinspan, “ ‘Young Men for War’ ”; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York, 1999), p. 114.
41. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, Aug. 1, 1860; Grinspan, “ ‘Young Men for War.’ ” One enlistee in Boston was the young Charles Francis Adams, Jr.
42. Daily Cleveland Herald, Sept. 17, 1860; New York Herald, Oct. 4, 1860.
43. New York Herald, Sept. 26, 1860.
44. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, Sept. 10, 1860.
45. My account of the “Texas troubles” of 1860 is drawn largely from the only scholarly book on the subject, Donald E. Reynolds’s carefully researched Texas Terror: The Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South (Baton Rouge, 2007). It is difficult to estimate the number of lynchings, since most of the period sources are anecdotal, and some killings doubtless went unreported. The range I have given is from Reynolds’s book.
46. Georgia Chronicle, n.d., reprinted in the Daily Cleveland Herald, Oct. 23, 1860; Semi-Weekly Mississippian [Jackson], Oct. 16, 1860.
47. Grinspan, “ ‘Young Men for War’ ”; New York Herald, Nov. 5, 1860.
48. Grinspan, “ ‘Young Men for War,’ ” thinks the real total was probably closer to 100,000, but notes that even this figure “would be the equivalent of about 1 million Wide Awakes in the current population of the United States.”
49. Ibid.
50. James Russell Lowell, “The Election in November,” Atlantic Monthly, Oct. 1860.
51. Bangor Daily Whig and Courier [Maine], Oct. 20, 1860.
52. Boston Evening Transcript, Boston Post, Boston Evening Traveler; all Oct. 17, 1860.
53. The Liberator, Oct. 19, 1860; Mayer, All on Fire, p. 513.
54. Walter C. Clephane, “The Local Aspect of Slavery in the District of Columbia,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 3 (1900), pp. 253–54.
55. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, pp. 676–77; Harold Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861 (New York, 2008), pp. 22–31.
56. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, 1964), p. 223. Blacks could also vote in New York if they owned $250 in property.
57. Boston Evening Transcript, Boston Post, Boston Evening Traveler, Boston Daily Advertiser; all Nov. 7, 1860.
Chapter Two: The Old Gentlemen
1. Mary Beth Corrigan, “Imaginary Cruelties? A History of the Slave Trade in Washington, D.C.,” Washington History, vol. 13, no. 2 (Fall/Winter, 2001–2), p. 6.
2. Daily National Intelligencer, Jan. 11, 1861. The description of Green & Williams’s auction house is based on contemporary newspaper advertisements.
3. My account of George Mortimer Bibb (1776–1859) is drawn from