1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [235]
61. Russell, My Diary, pp. 33–34.
62. Dean R. Montgomery, “The Willard Hotels of Washington, D.C., 1847–1968,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 66/68 (1966/68), pp. 277–93. L. E. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York, 1891), p. 23: “Willard’s great hotel, like a parasitic plant, had then grown around and overtaken an old Washington church, which was then called Willard’s Hall.” Montgomery’s article includes a period photograph of the church.
63. Robert Gray Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention: The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 (Madison, Wisc., 1961), p. 43. Clay, appropriately enough, had enjoyed many a mint julep at the Willard’s renowned bar.
64. L. E. Chittenden, A Report on the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Conference Convention, for Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Held at Washington, D.C., in February, A.D. 1861 (New York, 1864), p. 14.
65. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Feb. 13 and 8, 1861, in J. C. Levenson et al., eds., The Letters of Henry Adams, Volume I: 1858–1868 (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), pp. 229–31.
66. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, pp. 73–74.
67. Klein, Days of Defiance, pp. 355–56; Earl Schenck Miers, The Great Rebellion: The Emergence of the American Conscience (New York, 1958), p. 59.
68. Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention, p. 10; Nevins, The Ordeal of the Union, vol. 4, p. 340; Buchanan Papers, Library of Congress, passim; Chittenden, A Report on the Debates, pp. 32–33.
69. CG, Feb. 1, 1861, p. 669.
70. Within hours after the conference ended on March 4, Tyler would be back in Richmond giving a speech championing Virginia’s secession. He died early the following winter, a newly elected congressman of the Confederate States of America.
Chapter Three: Forces of Nature
1. New-York Tribune, Feb. 18, 1861; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Feb. 13, 1861. See The Crisis [Columbus, Ohio], Feb. 14, 1861, for details of the weather and the state of the local crops.
2. James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York, 1997), p. 180.
3. So were some of its most notoriously unsuccessful commanders: McDowell, McClellan, and Burnside.
4. Ohio State Journal [Columbus], Feb. 13–14, 1861; Cincinnati Enquirer, Feb. 14, 1861.
5. For Garfield’s ideas on history, see, e.g., “Germany” (manuscript of undated lecture, circa 1858); Hiram College lecture notes, 1858–61, passim; Oration Delivered by Hon. J. A. Garfield, at Ravenna, July 4, 1860. For his purchase of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, see invoice to “Prof. Garfield” from J. B. Cobb & Co., Booksellers, Dec. 24, 1859–Mar. 27, 1860. All in James A. Garfield Papers, Library of Congress (hereafter, JAG Papers).
6. Garfield, Oration, pp. 7–8.
7. Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown, The Garfield Orbit: The Life of President James A. Garfield (New York, 1978), pp. 97–98; Allan Peskin, Garfield: A Biography (Kent, Ohio, 1978), pp. 76–78; “Wigwam at Columbus, Oct. 5, 1860,” partial manuscript of speech in JAG Papers. Garfield had also delivered a well-received, impromptu address at his party’s state convention in June; that text has apparently not survived.
8. John Shaw, ed., Crete and James: Personal Letters of Lucretia and James Garfield (East Lansing, Mich., 1994), p. 99; “Cousin William” to JAG, Jan. 16, 1861; Mary Garfield Larrabee to JAG, Jan. 29, 1861; both in JAG Papers. James A. Garfield Papers: A Register of the Collection in the Library of Congress (Washington, D.C., 2009), p. 5. Not long after Garfield left its faculty, the Eclectic Institute was renamed Hiram College, as it is known today.
9. JAG to Hinsdale, Jan. 15, 1861; Hinsdale to JAG, Feb. 9, 1861; JAG to Lucretia Garfield, Apr. 7, 1861, all in JAG Papers.
10. F. M. Green, A.M., L.L.D., Hiram College and Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, 1850–1900 (Cleveland,