1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [236]
11. “Wigwam at Columbus,” JAG Papers; Harry James Brown and Frederick D. Williams, eds., The Diary of James A. Garfield (Ann Arbor, 1967), vol. 1, p. 350 (Nov. 6, 1860).
12. Harper’s Weekly, Mar. 3, 1861; JAG to Burke Aaron Hinsdale, Jan. 15, 1861, in Mary L. Hinsdale, ed., Garfield-Hinsdale Letters: Correspondence Between James Abram Garfield and Burke Aaron Hinsdale (Ann Arbor, 1949), p. 54.
13. New York Times, Feb. 13, 1861.
14. Daily Ohio Statesman [Columbus], Feb. 8, 1860. The paper may have exaggerated in reporting that the three hundred legislators had consumed a thousand bottles of champagne (and it was actually sparkling Catawba wine).
15. Eric J. Cardinal, “The Ohio Democracy and the Crisis of Disunion, 1860–1861,” Ohio History, vol. 86, no. 1 (Winter 1977), pp. 30–31; Daily Ohio Statesman, Jan. 11, 15, and 24, 1861. Confederate troops under General John Hunt Morgan did, in fact, invade Ohio in the summer of 1863, coming within about sixty miles of Columbus.
16. Robert Gray Gunderson, Old Gentlemen’s Convention: The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 (Madison, Wisc., 1961), p. 36.
17. JAG to Lucretia Garfield, Jan. 13, 1861, in Shaw, Crete and James, pp. 106–07. Garfield’s roommate, Jacob D. Cox—the two young men actually shared a bed while the legislature was in session—would go on to become a prominent Union general, and eventually U.S. secretary of the interior under President Grant.
18. Ohio State Journal, Feb. 14, 1861; New York Times, n.d., reprinted in Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Feb. 20, 1861.
19. Ohio State Journal, Feb. 14, 1861; New York Herald, Feb. 14, 1861.
20. Baltimore Sun, Feb. 15, 1861; Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, Feb. 14, 1861; Philadelphia Press, n.d., reprinted in Daily Ohio Statesman, Feb. 16, 1861; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Feb. 16, 1861.
21. JAG to Lucretia Garfield, Feb. 17, 1861, in Shaw, Crete and James, p. 107; Ohio State Journal, Feb. 14, 1861.
22. Daily Capital City Fact [Columbus, Oh.], Feb. 14, 1861; JAG to Lucretia Garfield, Feb. 17, 1861, in Shaw, Crete and James, p. 107.
23. Daily Capital City Fact, Feb. 14, 1861; JAG to Lucretia Garfield, Feb. 17, 1861, in Shaw, Crete and James, p. 107; JAG to Burke Aaron Hinsdale, Feb. 17, 1861, in Mary L. Hinsdale, Garfield-Hinsdale Letters, pp. 56–57.
24. Albany Journal [N.Y.], Feb. 15, 1861; Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb. 15, 1861.
25. Green, Hiram College, pp. 101–02; B. A. Hinsdale, President Garfield and Education, pp. 51–57, 126; lecture notes headed “Alliance Nov 1859,” JAG Papers.
26. Green, Hiram College, pp. 101–02; B. A. Hinsdale, President Garfield and Education, pp. 51–57; J. H. Rhodes in B. A. Hinsdale, p. 126.
27. Ironically, James Buchanan, too, had been born in a log cabin—though in his case, it failed to become part of his political persona.
28. The region was originally known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, since it was claimed by that state under colonial charters. Although Connecticut relinquished its jurisdiction to the federal government, it retained title to the land itself, which it sold to a joint-stock company in order to pay off Revolutionary War debts.
29. Clarence Walworth Alvord, Governor Edward Coles (Springfield, Ill., 1920), pp. 43–44. Coles (who inherited the slaves from his father) had been President Madison’s private secretary, and tried unsuccessfully to persuade both Madison and Jefferson to emancipate their slaves. He later became governor of Illinois.
30. Frederic A. Ogg, The Old Northwest: A Chronicle of the Ohio Valley and Beyond (New Haven, 1919), pp. 98–99; Peskin, Garfield, pp. 3–6; J. M. Bundy, The Life of General James A. Garfield (New York, 1880), pp. 2–3; Robert I. Cottom, “To Be Among the First: The Early Career of James A. Garfield, 1831–1868” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1975), pp. 3–4.
31. For thirty-three-year-old Abram Garfield, it was a case of “chills” brought on by exposure