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points in the war. But while the Lincoln and Davis rumors were concocted in each case by enemies trying to make them look ridiculous, the Lyon story was attested to in two separate and detailed accounts by two of Lyon’s own co-conspirators. One of these was James Peckham (in his 1866 book Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and Missouri in 1861, op. cit., pp. 139–40), and the other was Franklin A. Dick (in his 1865 manuscript “Memorandum of Matters in Missouri in 1861,” LC).

114. Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, p. 44; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, p. 58; Anzeiger des Westens, May 9, 1861, in Rowan and Primm, Germans for a Free Missouri, p. 190.

115. Westliche Post, May 1 and 8, 1861, in Rowan and Primm, Germans for a Free Missouri, pp. 189, 202–03, 206. The following week, when the editors learned the full story of the artillery shipped to Camp Jackson, they were outraged that the steamer had not been intercepted on its way upriver by federal troops in Illinois, and blamed it on military disorganization: “Things are even worse here than with the Imperial Austrian Military High Command in Vienna.”

116. Francis Grierson, The Valley of Shadows: Sangamon Sketches (Boston, 1948), pp. 229–30.

117. Ulysses S. Grant, Memoirs and Selected Letters: Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant (New York, 1990), pp. 155–56; Sherman, Memoirs, vol. 1, pp. 200–01; Peckham, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, p. 150; Anderson, A Border City, p. 96.

118. James W. Covington, “The Camp Jackson Affair: 1861,” Missouri Historical Review, vol. 15, no. 3 (April 1961), p. 206; Peckham, pp. 150–51.

119. Peckham, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, pp. 151–52; Dick, “Memorandum of Matters in Missouri in 1861.”

120. Grierson, Valley of Shadows, p. 227; Arenson, Great Heart, pp. 191–92; Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1861; Missouri Republican, May 12, 1861; Peckham, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, pp. 153–35.

121. Missouri Republican, May 11 and 12, 1861; Sherman, Memoirs, pp. 201–02; Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1861; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, p. 59.

122. Sherman, Memoirs, p. 202; Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1861; Dick, “Memorandum of Matters in Missouri in 1861.”

123. Grierson, Valley of Shadows, p. 230.

124. Anderson, A Border City, pp. 106–07; Plattenburg, In St. Louis, pp. 19–20; Westliche Post, May 15, 1861, in Rowan and Primm, Germans for a Free Missouri, pp. 214–17; Boernstein, Memoirs of a Nobody, pp. 303–04; Missouri Republican, May 11 and 12, 1861; Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1861; Peckham, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, pp. 157–63; A. Fulkerson to Francis Preston Blair, Jr., May 15, 1861, Blair Family Papers, LC.

125. Missouri Democrat, May 13, 1861; Boernstein, Memoirs of a Nobody, p. 304.

126. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), pp. 291–92.

127. Grant, Memoirs, p. 155. For a highly critical account of Lyon, see Phillips, Damned Yankee. For a fascinating perspective on the events in St. Louis as the “second Baden revolution,” see Steven Rowan’s introduction to Rowan and Primm, Germans for a Free Missouri.

128. Sandusky Daily Commercial Register, Oct. 31, 1861.

Chapter Seven: The Crossing

1. Philadelphia Press, n.d., quoted in Milwaukee Morning Sentinel, May 13, 1861.

2. David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom (New York, 2005), p. 299.

3. Emory Holloway, ed., The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City, N.Y., 1922), pp. 32–33.

4. Washington Star, May 6, 1861; Philadelphia Press, n.d., quoted in Milwaukee Morning Sentinel, May 13, 1861.

5. “A Letter from One of Our Boys,” unidentified clipping [“The Leader,” May 1861] in 11th Infantry Regiment Civil War Newspaper Clippings file, New York State Military Museum; Ernest B. Furgurson, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War (New York, 2004), p. 87; Isaac Bassett, “A Senate Memoir,” unpublished manuscript, U.S. Senate Historical Office.

6. New York Times, May 3, 1861; Harper’s Weekly, May 25, 1861.

7. [Theodore Winthrop], “Washington as a Camp,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1861.

8. George Alfred Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside. A picture and a narrative of the origin, growth, excellencies,