1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [262]
37. Dunn, Dominion of Memories, pp. 49–56; Elizabeth City County, Va., Minute Book, Jan. 24, 1861.
38. Federal troops from Fortress Monroe were sent to keep order in Southampton during the rebellion’s aftermath. (Personal communication with J. Michael Cobb, Hampton History Museum.)
39. Scot French, The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory (Boston, 2004), introduction and pp. 279, 280–82; Russell, My Diary, p. 132. Turner’s skull was also kept as a local relic. It ended up in a museum at the College of Wooster in Ohio in 1866. After disappearing for several decades in the twentieth century, it was rediscovered in 2002 and donated to the Civil Rights Hall of Fame in Gary, Indiana.
40. Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe”; Harper’s Weekly, June 29, 1861.
41. Jensen, 32nd Virginia Infantry, p. 10. In response to the earlier message carried under flag of truce, Butler had arranged to meet the Confederate envoy at 3:30 that afternoon.
42. Butler’s Book, p. 258. According to the 1860 Census, Mallory’s real estate was worth $20,600 and his personal property $29,750, making him one of the wealthiest men in the county.
43. Portraits of both men are in the collections of the Virginia Historical Society.
44. Butler’s Book, p. 256. Butler and Cary each left two accounts of their parley, one contemporary and one written several decades after the fact. Cary’s are, respectively, a brief report to Col. J. B. Magruder, dated 7:15 p.m., May 24, 1861, immediately after the meeting (OR II, vol. 1, p. 753); and a letter to Butler, Mar. 9, 1891 (Butler, Letters, vol. 1, pp. 102–03). Butler’s accounts are in his report of May 24–25, 1861, to Winfield Scott (BFB Papers, LC); and Butler’s Book, his 1892 autobiography, pp. 256–66. These four versions substantially corroborate one another, and I relied on all of them for my account of Butler and Cary’s conversation. The dialogue where quoted directly is from Butler’s Book.
45. Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”
46. Nathaniel Morton to “Dear Friend,” May 29, 1861, quoted in J. Michael Cobb, “Rehearsing Reconstruction in Occupied Virginia: Life and Emancipation at Fort Monroe,” in Davis et al., Virginia at War, p. 141.
47. Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1861.
48. Quoted in James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J., 1964), p. 41.
49. New York Herald, May 5, 1861.
50. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality, p. 58.
51. Sermon at Zion’s Church, April 27, 1861, in Douglass’ Monthly, June 1861.
52. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies (New York, 1994), p. 452.
53. John Stauffer, Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2008), pp. 215–19; Douglass’ Monthly, May 1861.
54. Douglass’ Monthly, June 1861.
55. Ibid., May 1861.
56. New York Times, May 27, 1861.
57. New York World, May 29, 1861; Montgomery Blair to BFB, May 29, 1861, BFB Papers, LC.
58. Montgomery Blair to BFB, May 29, 1861, BFB Papers, LC.
59. John Hay Diary, May 7, 1861, in Michael Burlingame and John R. T. Ettinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale, Ill., 1999), pp. 19–20.
60. Orville H. Browning to AL, Apr. 30, 1861, AL Papers, LC.
61. Hay Diary, May 7, 1861, in Burlingame and Ettinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House.
62. For an eloquent discussion of Lincoln’s “cult of the law,” see Adam Gopnik, Angels and Ages: A Short Book About Darwin, Lincoln, and Modern Life (New York, 2009), pp. 57–60.
63. Richmond Dispatch, May 29 and June 1, 1861. Those “patriotic yellow men” in New Orleans switched sides to the Union Army, more or less en masse, after Benjamin Butler’s troops occupied the city in 1862.
64. Ervin L. Jordan, Jr., Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville, Va., 1995), esp. chap. 10; Hopson interview in Rawick, The American Slave.
65. Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil