1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [267]
25. Washington Star, July 7, 1861 (italics in original).
26. Sandusky Daily Commercial Register, July 19, 1861; Nicolay to Therena Bates, May 31, 1861, quoted in Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay (New York, 1949), p. 106. Although George Washington freed his own slaves in his will, the so-called dower slaves at Mount Vernon—the Negroes and their descendants who had come into the estate as part of his wife’s dowry—remained the property of Martha Washington, and passed to her Custis heirs at her death.
27. Philadelphia Inquirer, July 5, 1861; Illinois State Journal, July 9, 1861.
28. New York World, July 4, 1861.
29. Philadelphia Inquirer, July 5, 1861; William Milmine to Alf Milmine, July 8, 1861, private collection.
30. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 (New York, 1941), p. 85; Harper’s Weekly, July 27, 1861; Washington Star, July 5, 1861; Philadelphia Inquirer, July 5, 1861; New York Times, May 26 and July 5, 1861; Nicolay to Therena Bates, July 7, 1861, in Burlingame, With Lincoln in the White House, p. 47; James G. Randall and Richard Nelson Current, Lincoln the President, vol. 4: The Last Full Measure (Carbondale, Ill., 2000), pp. 77–78.
31. Philadelphia Inquirer, July 5, 1861.
32. C. Vann Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 94.
33. Christian Examiner, July 1861.
34. Julia Taft Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father (Lincoln, Neb., 2001), pp. 30–31.
35. New York Herald, July 4, 1861.
Postscripts
1. New York Times, Apr. 18, 1865; Debby Applegate, The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (New York, 2006), pp. 1–15; E. Milby Burton, The Siege of Charleston 1861–1865 (Columbia, S.C., 1970).
2. DAB, vol. 2, pp. 213–14; Elbert B. Smith, The Presidency of James Buchanan (Lawrence, Kans., 1975), pp. 193–98.
3. DAB, vol. 10, p. 92; LeRoy P. Graf et al., eds., The Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 11 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1994), pp. 525–26 n.
4. Albert D. Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Lexington, Ky., 1962).
5. Dorothy Sterling, Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery (New York, 1991), pp. 339–56.
6. John E. Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby: A Late Gesture,” Ohio History, vol. 76, no. 4 (Autumn 1967), p. 231; Charles M. Christian and Sari Bennett, eds., Black Saga: The African American Experience: A Chronology (Boston, 1995), p. 185; Judith Luckett, “Local Studies and Larger Issues: The Case of Sara Bagby,” Teaching History, vol. 27, no. 2 (Fall 2002), p. 97.
7. Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown, The Garfield Orbit (New York, 1978); Allan Peskin, Garfield: A Biography (Kent, Ohio, 1978); Frank Holcomb Mason, The Forty-Second Ohio Infantry; A History of the Organization and Services of That Regiment, in the War of the Rebellion (Cleveland, 1876).
8. Alvy L. King, Louis T. Wigfall: Southern Fire-Eater (Baton Rouge, 1970), pp. 205–31.
9. Pamela Herr, Jessie Benton Frémont: A Biography (New York, 1987), pp. 324–450; Jessie Benton Frémont, The Story of the Guard: A Chronicle of the War (Boston, 1863), pp. 222–24; Out West, January 1903.
10. Sally Denton, Passion and Principle: John and Jessie Frémont, the Couple Whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 2007), p. 341; Jessie Benton Frémont, “A Home Lost, and Found,” The Home-Maker, Feb. 1892; San Francisco Chronicle, July 4, 2010.
11. Robert Monzingo, Thomas Starr King: Eminent Californian, Civil War Statesman, Unitarian Minister (Pacific Grove, Ca., 1991), pp. 133–239; Los Angeles Times, May 29, 2009.
12. Hans L. Trefousse, Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast (New York, 1957), passim; Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (Boston, 1953), pp. 115–18; Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, July 25, 2010.
13. Robert Francis Engs, Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890 (New York, 2004).
14. Henry R. Mallory, Genealogy of the Mallorys of Virginia (Hartford, Conn., 1955), pp. 24–26.
15. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven,