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5. B—According to the James-Lange theory, we are aware of feeling emotions after the physiological and behavioral responses occur to environmental stimuli. I see the bear, I start to run, and then I realize I am afraid.

6. D—The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the “on” button that initiates eating behavior when food is not in our stomachs or small intestines, which is indicated by lack of cholecystokinin and high levels of insulin.

7. D—Homeostasis is a balanced internal state. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the parasympathetic nervous system works to return the body to homeostasis.

8. C—Most teens are looking to belong to groups and feel acceptance from others, which corresponds to Maslow’s third level in his hierarchy—love and belonging needs.

9. B—Adit’s conflict situation involves only one choice, to buy or not to buy the truck, and thus is the approach-avoidance situation. There is both a positive and a negative consequence to buying the new truck.

10. A—The alarm stage is the first part of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. The tennis player is probably in a state of shock and her stress at not making the team will cause the sympathetic nervous system to be activated. In the second stage of resistance, her coping skills will probably lessen her stress after the initial shock.

11. E—Three characteristics of the Type A personality have been found to be positively correlated with heart disease—anger, hostility, and cynicism.

12. A—In the overjustification effect here, an intrinsically rewarded behavior was turned into an extrinsically rewarded behavior and, thus, when the rewards were taken away by the parents, the behavior diminished.

13. C—Cross-cultural studies conducted by Paul Ekman and others seem to support identification of six basic facial expressions across all cultures, but different display rules, depending on the culture.

14. C—Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are associated with sexual arousal in humans.

15. B—People with a high need for achievement want to feel successful. If they select easy tasks, they are expected to be able to do them and don’t feel very successful. If they select difficult tasks, their likelihood of success is limited. By completing challenging but achievable tasks, they feel successful.

Rapid Review

Motive is a need or a want that causes us to act. Motivation directs and maintains goal-directed behavior. Motivational theories explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

Theories of motivation:

Instinct theory—physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness cause us to act. Instincts are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors.

Drive reduction theory—focuses on internal states of tension, such as hunger, that motivate us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis, which is internal balance. Need is a motivated state caused by a physiological deficit. Drive is a state of psychological tension, induced by a need, which motivates us.

Incentive theory—beyond the primary motives of food, drink, and sex which push us toward a goal, secondary motives or external stimuli such as money, approval, and grades regulate and pull us toward a goal.

Arousal theory—each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks which varies with the person and the activity. Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, for easy tasks, moderately high arousal is optimal; for difficult tasks, moderately low is optimal; and for most average tasks, a moderate level of arousal is optimal.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs—arranges biological and social needs in priority from the lowest level of 1) basic biological needs to 2) safety and security needs to 3) belongingness and love needs to 4) self-esteem needs to 5) self-actualization needs. The need for self-actualization, the need to fulfill one’s potential, and transcendence, spiritual fulfillment, are the