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• Classic-Fiction

(B) children are resistant to any kind of discipline by their parents

(C) new learning is prevented by older learning

(D) bonding between the child and parent first takes place

(E) the child first enters elementary school and needs positive reinforcement

9. Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive developmental theory of Piaget and the moral developmental theory of Kohlberg?

(A) Both theories stress the importance of changes in thinking in their stages.

(B) Both believe personality is formed in the first 5 years.

(C) Both theories stress the importance of the third stage in the developmental process.

(D) Both developed a life span theory and had eight stages.

(E) Both believe that libido fixated in childhood cannot be changed.

10. Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of

(A) contact comfort

(B) feeding

(C) aesthetic needs

(D) incentive theory

(E) gender schema

11. According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially competent and responsible adults?

(A) authoritarian

(B) authoritative

(C) uninvolved

(D) permissive

(E) indulgent

12. The child was born with widely spaced eyes, a thin upper lip, and a short flat nose. Chances are that he will later suffer from mental retardation. To which teratogen was this child most likely exposed during the prenatal period?

(A) tobacco

(B) German measles

(C) heroin

(D) alcohol

(E) cocaine

13. According to social learning theory, gender identity is

I. a process which occurs when young children unconsciously identify with the same-sex parent.

II. a result of being positively reinforced for acting in ways that conform to male and female roles.

III. learned through observing and imitating role models like their parents.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) III only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

14. Which of the following theories best exemplifies continuity?

(A) Erikson’s psychosocial theory

(B) Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

(C) Piaget’s cognitive development theory

(D) Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

(E) Gilligan’s theory of moral development

15. According to Kohlberg’s theory, postconventional morality requires thinking at Piaget’s

(A) sensorimotor level

(B) preoperational level

(C) concrete operational level

(D) formal operational level

(E) universal principle level

Answers and Explanations

1. D—Securely attached kids tend to come to their mother for comfort when their mothers return. They are not necessarily clingy as letter c suggests.

2. A—Nature refers to our heredity, and nurture refers to environmental factors.

3. C—Longitudinal research. If an experimenter is interested in looking at the long-term effects of divorce on children like Mavis Hetherington did, follow-up visits and observations would be made periodically. The disadvantage of this research method is how costly it is to conduct these follow-up visits and how long it takes to analyze the results to reach conclusions.

4. E—Object permanence occurs as a milestone in the sensorimotor stage when children can picture objects in their heads. When an experimenter hides a cookie behind a newspaper and the child uncovers it and says “cookie,” the child has achieved object permanence and is capable of representational thought.

5. A—The rooting reflex can be seen when someone puts a finger on the baby’s cheek and the baby turns its head.

6. B—Dorothy is experiencing the positive side of Erikson’s eighth stage of integrity. People like Dorothy tend to enjoy their golden years and continue to develop their interests.

7. C—Conventional. Mr. Hernandez’s moral reasoning conforms with Kohlberg’s stage 4 “Law and Order” morality, which is a stage of the conventional level.

8. A—Specific stimuli have a major effect on development that they do not produce at other times. Konrad Lorenz demonstrated the “critical period” for imprinting in goslings. Newly hatched babies