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8. A—(Chapter 17) Psychoanalytic therapy attempts to uncover unconscious conflicts, and both dream interpretation and free association are techniques used to reach the unconscious.

9. E—(Chapter 12) Incentive theory attempts to use rewards to increase positive behavior and Al’s mom is trying to motivate him to do better in school.

10. D—(Chapter 14) Superego. According to Freudian theory, the superego is the last part of the personality to emerge and represents our moral conscience, which would be more likely to donate money to the homeless than the selfish and self-centered id, which operates on the pleasure principle.

11. C—(Chapter 6) Might have been due to chance. To be significant, results cannot be the results of a coincidence, but must depend on the relationship between the factors studied at least 19 out of 20 times.

12. C—(Chapter 6) 90 appears 3 times and is the most frequently occurring number in the set.

13. C—(Chapter 15) The AP test measures one’s achievement or how much was learned in the year in contrast to an aptitude test, which measures potential.

14. B—(Chapter 9) Nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that arouses the central nervous system and causes some to have an increased sense of self-confidence.

15. E—(Chapter 10) By answering each e-mail, Soledad is on a continuous schedule of reinforcement. One learns more quickly under this schedule, but new behaviors are also extinguished more easily than on intermittent schedules.

16. B—(Chapter 17) Justin has undergone a behavior therapy known as systematic desensitization in which he unlearns a phobia and replaces it with relaxation. The procedure described also utilizes an anxiety hierarchy of progressively higher level fears involved in his phobia.

17. B—(Chapter 14) According to Skinner, a famous behaviorist, all behavior is learned and one can only measure observable behavior, so personality is reduced to observable behavior. Feeling, thoughts, and other mentalistic constructs cannot be measured accurately.

18. C—(Chapter 11) A flashbulb memory is one that is extremely vivid and emotional, and is remembered for years. Like other episodic memories, it is also likely to be partially confabulated. The level of confidence in a memory does not make it more valid.

19. C—(Chapter 16) Dissociative amnesia. Dissociative amnesia is a result of memories that are too painful for the conscious memory to deal with, like the horrible sight of the death of his wife and children in this example. This would support Freud’s repression theory.

20. B—(Chapter 10) Occur less frequently. Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behaviors that are followed by negative consequences are less likely to recur and those that are followed by positive consequences have a higher probability of being repeated in the future.

21. C—(Chapter 18) Social facilitation. The chef, a master at his trade, will increase his productivity before an audience. Social facilitation occurs for well-learned tasks; an audience will positively affect one’s performance.

22. A—(Chapter 7) Cell body. This is the part of the neuron that contains DNA in the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

23. C—(Chapter 13) Integrity versus despair. Erikson has eight crisis stages, and the eighth occurs in old age. This is an example of despair.

24. B—(Chapter 12) Facial expressions have been shown in cross-cultural studies by Paul Ekman and others to be the single most reliable indicator of emotions. Six emotions are understood universally.

25. E—(Chapter 13) Environments. Identical twins share the same DNA, so any difference in their behavior must be attributable to the separate environments in which they grew up.

26. C—(Chapter 6) Avoiding use of animals when computers are available. Although animals must be treated humanely, animals may be used in research studies when computer simulations are inadequate.

27. C—(Chapter 16) ADD, or attention deficit disorder, is an academic skills disorder listed in DSM-IV. Children