5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition - Laura Lincoln Maitland [202]
28. A—(Chapter 18) Believe more strongly in capital punishment. Joan will succumb to group polarization, which occurs when like-minded people reinforce each other’s opinions, so that any one person’s is stronger than it was prior to the chat room.
29. A—(Chapter 11) Provide more retrieval cues. Because the correct answer is among the incorrect ones, some find it much easier to answer multiple choice questions. Fill-in and completion questions give no hints and the student must retrieve answers without these.
30. A—(Chapter 10) Acquisition trials. In classical conditioning, after repeated pairings of the CS and UCS, acquisition, or learning, occurs when the CS reliably produces the CR when the UCS is not presented.
31. A—(Chapter 13) Preoperational. Between the ages of 2 and 6, kids are egocentric and learn through trial and error, according to Piaget. They are not yet capable of logical thought.
32. B—(Chapter 7) Reflex. Blinking, sneezing, and flinching are all reflexive behaviors. When an object comes too close to our eyes or there is pepper under our nose, we will automatically blink or sneeze.
33. D—(Chapter 17) Rational Emotive Therapy or RET, developed by Albert Ellis, is a cognitive-behavioral treatment effective with pessimistic clients like Stephen, whose problems might stem from irrational and illogical thought patterns. RET is a somewhat combative approach that counters illogical assumptions like Stephen’s, that since he has two divorces, no woman will ever love him again.
34. C—(Chapter 12) An approach-approach conflict is characterized by a decision that must be made between two attractive options. If Delia views both prestigious colleges as attractive, her decision involves approach-approach conflict.
35. A—(Chapter 9) Consciousness. Alpha waves are produced when a subject is relaxed and beta waves are characteristic of an alert state of consciousness.
36. B—(Chapter 13) Continuity vs. discontinuity is a controversy over whether human growth patterns follow a gradual, steady course (continuity), or whether there are abrupt markers that cause intermittent growth patterns. Stage theorists such as Piaget and Freud support the discontinuous pattern.
37. B—(Chapter 14) Carl Jung. Jung, like Freud, believed that the unconscious mind determined much of our behavior. Jung also thought the collective unconscious filled with archetypes was a universally inherited part of our nature that explained common themes in literature and world religions. Individuation is his personality goal of balancing out the opposites in one’s personality, like introversion and extraversion.
38. E—(Chapter 16) Hallucinations are perceptual experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulation of the corresponding sensory organ. Hearing voices when they are not present could be a result of either schizophrenia or hallucinogenic drugs.
39. B—(Chapter 11) Mnemonic device. Stella’s memory aid is using the first letter of each planet in a series and completing a sentence with words beginning with those letters.
40. E—(Chapter 13) Fetal alcohol syndrome is a disorder caused by prenatal alcohol use by the mother, which can lead to both physical and cognitive abnormalities in the developing child. A teratogen is any harmful substance (drug or virus) during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects.
41. B—(Chapter 10) A conditioned stimulus. The two are repeatedly paired together and the conditioned stimulus reliably comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus, which produces the unconditioned response.
42. D—(Chapter 12) The exhaustion stage. Usually stressors are dealt with during the second stage of resistance, but if the stressors are prolonged, the immune system becomes unable to protect us from disease and infection.
43. D—(Chapter 16) Compulsive. Jeanette suffers from one of the common problems of compulsives—checking behavior. A compulsion is an action