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44. D—(Chapter 8) Timbre. Timbre is the complexity of sound determined by its composition of several frequencies. Carlos can thus distinguish between the two instruments.

45. C—(Chapter 12) Hypothalamus. Many motivated behaviors, including hunger, thirst, and sex, are associated with stimulation of the hypothalamus. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in a rat, for instance, will be a signal to initiate eating behavior.

46. B—(Chapter 17) SSRIs like Prozac and Paxil seem to increase the availability of serotonin at postsynaptic receptor sites by preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons, which elevates the mood of the patient suffering from depression.

47. C—(Chapter 6) Not going to lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching “Discovering Psychology.” The independent variable is the one manipulated by the experimenter. Jared manipulates this variable in his experiment to gather evidence that students can do just as well in the course without attending lectures.

48. C—(Chapter 11) Failure to encode. Like John, most of us see different coins and bills every day, but our failure to pay close attention to these stimuli results in a failure to encode them into our long-term memories.

49. A—(Chapter 15) Naturalistic intelligence, according to Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, would enable Harry to distinguish between edible leaves and insects because of his familiarity with plants and insects in the environment.

50. B—(Chapter 13) 12 in females only. Menarche is the first menstrual period for females, the onset of the ability to reproduce.

51. C—(Chapter 17) Amy is probably engaged in a humanistic therapy session. Client-centered therapists would encourage Amy to direct the therapy process while the therapist engages in active listening.

52. E—(Chapter 7) Right cerebral cortex. Neural pathways for facial recognition are found in the right temporal lobe.

53. E—(Chapter 8) Proximity. The three letters c-a-r are together and thus our attention is drawn to that combination first due to the closeness of the letters and because they form a familiar word.

54. C—(Chapter 10) Money is a secondary reinforcer we learn to be reinforced by. Food, water, and sex are all primary reinforcers or biologically significant and things we are naturally reinforced by.

55. D—(Chapter 7) Sodium ions into the axon. Positively charged sodium ions rush into the axon, depolarizing the membrane and transmitting an action potential. The neuron “fires.”

56. C—(Chapter 5) Dr. Bonneau is an industrial/organizational or I/O psychologist interested in improving morale in the industrial setting.

57. B—(Chapter 11) Confirmation bias. Shafi looked for evidence to support his beliefs and failed to try and disconfirm his belief. When he found the two male scores of 100%, he believed even more that his conclusion was correct.

58. B—(Chapter 13) Crystallized intelligence refers to intellectual ability that reflects concrete knowledge or facts, which tends to increase rather than decrease with age. The more abstract reasoning that is characteristic of fluid intelligence declines in later years.

59. A—(Chapter 10) Delayed. In delayed conditioning, the CS is presented before the UCS in acquisition trials and the CS then becomes a good predictor of the UCS to come.

60. D—(Chapter 13) Both the expense and the fact that subjects drop out over time are two disadvantages of the longitudinal approach. Cross-sectional research has the disadvantage of the cohort effect or the problem of different ages being exposed to different learning environments because of their date of birth.

61. D—(Chapter 18) The reciprocity norm. This is a compliance technique used by groups. Brittany feels obligated to go along with a request for a small donation after she has used the stickers they sent her.

62. A—(Chapter 7) The path over which the reflex travels typically includes a receptor, sensory or afferent neuron, interneuron, motor or efferent neuron, and effector.