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63. D—(Chapter 11) Grammar. Typical of a 3-year-old, the child without formal training intuits the “ed” rule for making the past tense. This is called overgeneralization.

64. A—(Chapter 16) Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, and craving for carbohydrates. It generally occurs during the winter, when the amount of daylight is low, and it is sometimes treated with exposure to bright lights.

65. D—(Chapter 7) Move his left hand. The right hemisphere controls Mr. Gordon’s left side and the part in the back of the frontal lobe is the motor cortex.

66. A—(Chapter 15) Content validity. Content validity measures whether the test “covers” the full range of the material, which is not met by testing only the four areas mentioned.

67. C—(Chapter 18) Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to put less effort into group projects than individual projects for which they are accountable.

68. A—(Chapter 5) The purpose of behavioral acts. James and other members of the functionalist perspective were concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment more than the structuralists, who looked at the individual parts of consciousness.

69. C—(Chapter 14) An external locus of control. Julian Rotter’s research says that externals do not believe that they control what happens to them and when good things do happen it is more a matter of luck than individual achievement or effort.

70. B—(Chapter 16) Hypochondriasis is a somatoform disorder in which the anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms.

71. D—(Chapter 12) Love. All of the other choices are among the six primary facial expressions identified cross-culturally. Sadness and happiness round out the six.

72. B—(Chapter 7) Three copies of chromosome 21. With three copies of chromosome 21 in their cells, individuals are typically mentally retarded, and have a round head, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, small round ears, a fold in the eyelid, poor muscle tone, and poor coordination.

73. D—(Chapter 10) Omission training. After disruptive behavior is emitted, the child is removed from the classroom (seen as a reward taken away from the learner), thus decreasing the original behavior.

74. B—(Chapter 9) Dreams result from the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity from the brain stem. This theory says that dreams do not have symbolic meaning.

75. C—(Chapter 12) Repetitions of an emotion-arousing event strengthen the opposing emotion. Fear accompanies the first time most people jump out of an airplane with a parachute but on successive jumps the fear decreases and the joy increases.

76. B—(Chapter 18) The fundamental attribution error. When judging other people’s behavior we are likely to overestimate personal factors—an impatient clerk—and underestimate situational factors—how rude customers had been to her. When judging our own behavior, we do not make this same error.

77. B—(Chapter 16) Behaviorists. Maladaptive behavior is learned and, therefore, can be unlearned through behavior therapy.

78. A—(Chapter 11) Divergent thinking occurs with brainstorming. Many ideas are offered without censorship and creativity is usually enhanced.

79. D—(Chapter 14) Stable sources of individual differences that characterize an individual, based on an interaction of nature and nurture. Eysenck characterized personality along three stable dimensions: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

80. D—(Chapter 6) Her sample may not have been representative of the population. People who were unhappy with their children may have been more inclined to respond to the columnist than those who were happy. Participants were not randomly selected.

81. C—(Chapter 13) Observation and imitation of significant role models. One learns his or her gender role, according to social learning theory, by observing parents and friends interact and then copying those behaviors that seem most rewarded.

82. E—(Chapter 18) Black teenagers are superior to white teenagers. Ethnocentrism