5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition - Laura Lincoln Maitland [205]
83. C—(Chapter 8) Von Bekesy proposed that the differences in pitch (frequency) result from stimulation of different areas of the basilar membrane.
84. D—(Chapter 13) Sociocultural. Vygotsky developed a theory he called the zone of proximal distance (ZPD), which measures one’s intelligence as the difference between what someone can do with the help of others (sociocultural) and what one can do alone. His view supports the nurture side, while Piaget’s is contrastingly on the nature side of the nature-nurture controversy in cognitive development.
85. C—(Chapter 7) Verbal, analytic, and mathematical processing are usually done primarily on the left side of the cerebral cortex. This side of the brain is more logical and linear in problem solving than the more creative and artistic right side of the brain, which is specialized for visual/spatial reasoning.
86. C—(Chapter 10) The cognitive revision of Pavlovian classical conditioning is called the contingency model. Rescorla theorized that the predictability of the UCS following the presentation of the CS determines classical conditioning in contrast to Pavlov’s contiguity model based on timing between the appearances.
87. A—(Chapter 14) Nomothetic theory analyzes personality characteristics according to universal norms of the group, in contrast to idiographic theory, which looks at the individual.
88. A—(Chapter 12) Relative deprivation theory is based on a cognitive model of motivation. How Tamika perceives her situation is changed once she works with those who have even less than she does.
89. E—(Chapter 15) Tests for which a person’s performance can be compared with a pilot group. The pilot group, a representative group of the population to be tested, helps to establish a baseline so that future performance of groups can be meaningfully compared and defined.
90. A—(Chapter 7) Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that causes contraction of skeletal muscles. In addition to this somatic task, it also helps regulate heart muscles, is involved in memory, and transmits messages between the brain and spinal cord. Alzheimer’s is associated with a lack of this neurotransmitter.
91. A—(Chapter 13) Turning their heads toward stimuli when touched on their cheeks. This is one of a group of reflexive actions that is innate and present at birth.
92. A—(Chapter 6) The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree of relatedness between two sets of data that range from a + 1 positive correlation (both increase together) to a −1 in this case, which represents a complete negative correlation (as one increases the other decreases).
93. D—(Chapter 8) Electrical stimulation. Substance P is blocked by the endorphins, which are released by the electrical stimulation, thus blocking the pain sensation, according to the gate-control theory of pain.
94. A—(Chapter 11) Anchoring effect. Individuals are influenced by a suggested reference point or range, particularly when uncertain what amount to give. They base their giving on the “acceptable” range provided and thus will give more when the starting value is $25 rather than the “high” amount being $25.
95. C—(Chapter 8) Pressure receptors. A push is a form of mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is changed to the electrochemical energy of a neural impulse by pressure receptors of the skin.
96. E—(Chapter 8) Itch. Somatosensation is the perception of skin sensations (touch), which include cold, warm, pain, and pressure.
97. B—(Chapter 12) Increase in salivation. When one is aroused by a stressful situation like standing up and giving a speech in front of others, dry mouth, or a decrease in salivation, is often present.
98. A—(Chapter 8) Too much curvature of the cornea and lens. In nearsightedness, light rays are focused in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry.
99. A—(Chapter 9) Dissociation. According to Hilgard, a person undergoing hypnosis for