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pain management may feel little pain because the brain channel that registers pain is separated from channels registering the voice of the hypnotist. But a “hidden observer” can still observe his/her own pain without consciously experiencing any suffering.

100. A—(Chapter 6) Meta-analysis. This approach would compare and contrast all the studies as a group and, thus, determine trends and provide a greater understanding of the entire body of research on the herb and its effects on memory.

Section II

Scoring Rubric for Essay 1

This is a 10-point essay: 5 points are awarded for explaining at least one argument for the nature side of each of these issues and 5 points for explaining at least one argument for the nurture side of each of these.

Point 1: Shyness (Nature)

• Kagan’s longitudinal research on inhibited children

• strong correlation between inhibited parents/grandparents and shy children

• cultural differences as a product of genetics

Point 2: Shyness (Nurture)

• 25% of Kagan’s children changed temperament by adolescence

• collectivist societies promote modesty and shyness, respect for authority

• gender role socialization rewards females for shyness

• abused children, others with low self-esteem, or socially rejected may learn shyness

• according to Zimbardo, 50% of Americans self-report shyness

• cognitive behavioral therapy is successful in helping to overcome shyness

Point 3: Language acquisition (Nature)

• Noam Chomsky’s “language acquisition device” in which grammar switches are turned on

• all children, including deaf children, babble at around 4 months and develop language in distinct pattern: cooing, babbling, babbling only phonemes of their language group, holophrases, telegraphic speech

• overgeneralization of grammar rules by 3 age, not influenced by formal training

• critical period hypothesis

Point 4: Language acquisition (Nature)

• Skinner’s argument of language acquisition through shaping

• deaf speech hindered because of an inability to hear proper sounds

• all children babble 100 some phonemes at 6 months, but by 10 months they only use the phonemes found in their language group which obviously have been reinforced Whorf’s language relativity hypothesis that languages shape the way we think

• failure of isolated children (such as Genie) to develop language

Point 5: Phenylketonuria (PKU) (Nature)

• inherited error of metabolism

• recessive gene, must have two alleles to be expressed

• high levels of phenylalanine lead to severe retardation and other problems

Point 6: Phenylketonuria (Nature)

• screening at birth can alert adults to lack of enzyme and need to avoid phenylalanine

• diet eliminating sources of phenylalanine (such as proteins, nuts, aspartame, and legumes) prevents expression of phenylketonuria

Point 7: Violent behavior (Nature)

• Freud’s aggression instinct which leads to violent behavior

• higher testosterone levels or low levels of serotonin may predispose violence

• Delgado’s stimulation studies

• adoption studies indicating violent children more like biological parents than adoptive parents

Point 8: Violent behavior (Nature)

• Bandura’s social learning theory, Bobo doll studies

• correlation between violence and video game behavior

• negative consequence of violent upbringing—most abusers were abused by their parents

• receiving or expecting rewards for aggression—gang behavior and deindividuation

Point 9: Schizophrenia (Nature)

• exposure during pregnancy to flu virus and other teratogens leads to enlarged ventricles in brain

• age of expression seems to be 17–25 for most subtypes

• dopamine hypothesis, response to antipsychotic drugs that decrease dopamine

• high probability that monozygotic twin of twin with schizophrenia will develop schizophrenia

• high incidence of schizophrenia in close relatives

Point 10: Schizophrenia (Nature)

• diathesis-stress model requires an environmental releaser

• milder cases of schizophrenia in less stressed twins

• Vietnam veteran syndrome—right age of onset and stressor strong enough

Sample Full-Credit