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By Root 851 0

drugs that alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), marijuana (THC), psilocybin from mushrooms, and mescaline (Peyote). Some users report profound, dreamlike feelings.

Review Questions

Directions: For each question, choose the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. As you are reading this question, you are probably not thinking about what you ate for lunch. The memory of what you ate for lunch is most likely in your

(A) nonconscious

(B) preconscious

(C) unconsciousness

(D) sensory memory

(E) attention

2. Traveling in a jet plane from California to New York is most likely to

(A) disrupt your circadian rhythms

(B) prevent the onset of REM sleep

(C) stimulate your parasympathetic nervous system

(D) induce delta brain waves

(E) cause withdrawal symptoms

3. According to psychodynamic psychologists, the unconscious

(A) processes information of which you are unaware

(B) includes unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts

(C) is characterized by loss of responsiveness to the environment

(D) is synonymous with the preconscious

(E) develops after the ego and superego

4. Of the following, which does your hypothalamus regulate over the course of 24 hours?

I. body temperature

II. hormonal levels

III. memory of the day’s events

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) III only

(D) I and II only

(E) I, II, and III

5. “Humans developed a unique waking-sleep cycle that maximized our chances of survival,” is a statement most typical of

(A) developmental psychologists

(B) physiological psychologists

(C) psychoanalysts

(D) sociologists

(E) evolutionary psychologists

6. Which has enabled psychologists to learn the most about sleep processes over the last 50 years?

(A) psychopharmacology

(B) lesions

(C) EEGs

(D) CT scans

(E) MRI

7. Which stage of sleep is characterized by brain waves with spindles and K-complexes?

(A) stage 1

(B) stage 2

(C) stage 3

(D) stage 4

(E) REM

8. Nightmares most frequently occur during

(A) stage 1

(B) stage 2

(C) stage 3

(D) stage 4

(E) REM

9. During paradoxical sleep, muscles seem paralyzed and

(A) eyes dart about in various directions

(B) breathing is slow and shallow

(C) night terrors are likely

(D) sleepwalking occurs

(E) the sleeper is easily awakened

10. After her bridal shower, a young woman dreamed that she was dining with her parents when a young guy grabbed her wallet containing her driver’s license, credit cards, cash, and family pictures. She awoke in a cold sweat. After discussing the dream with a friend, she realized that she felt anxious about losing her identity in her approaching marriage. This explanation of her dream represents the

(A) manifest content

(B) latent content

(C) ego

(D) activation-synthesis theory

(E) cognitive analysis

11. Monitoring by the hidden observer during hypnosis provides evidence for

(A) the nonconscious

(B) activation-synthesis

(C) dissociation of consciousness

(D) role playing

(E) posthypnotic amnesia

12. Zen Buddhists and others practicing meditation are better able than most other people to stimulate their

(A) sympathetic nervous systems

(B) parasympathetic nervous systems

(C) somatic nervous systems

(D) salivation

(E) urination

13. Of the following, which pair of psychoactive drugs shares the most similar effects on the brain?

(A) alcohol–marijuana

(B) caffeine–morphine

(C) nicotine–heroin

(D) amphetamines–cocaine

(E) barbiturates–LSD

14. In small quantities, alcohol can be mistaken for a stimulant because it

(A) inhibits control of emotions

(B) stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

(C) speeds up respiration and heartbeat

(D) induces sleep

(E) affects the cerebellum

Answers and Explanations

1. B—Memories that can easily be brought into consciousness are in the preconscious level