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• Classic-Fiction

2. A—Crossing time zones can change the amount of light and dark your body gets, and alter your sleeping/waking cycle, secretion of hormones, etc. This disrupts your circadian rhythms.

3. B—According to psychoanalysts/psychodynamic psychologists, the unconscious harbors unacceptable thoughts, wishes, and feelings that can be revealed in dreams, through hypnosis, etc.

4. D—The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, etc.

5. E—Evolutionary psychologists believe that adaptive behavior persists because of natural selection. Those who have that trait survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits.

6. C—Of the choices, only electroencephalograms can reveal function. Before the use of EEGs, people thought that little brain activity went on during sleep.

7. B—EEGs of stage 2 sleep are characterized by waves showing sleep spindles and K-complexes.

8. E—Nightmares are unpleasant, complex dreams that occur mainly during REM sleep.

9. A—A paradox is something contradictory that is true. REM sleep is considered paradoxical sleep because the eyes are darting around, brain waves are similar to being awake, but the muscles of the arms and legs are inactive.

10. B—Freudians believe the hidden meaning of a dream is its latent content.

11. C—Ernest Hilgard demonstrated that when people are hypnotized, some part of their consciousness—the hidden observer—is passively aware of what is happening.

12. B—Ordinarily we lack the ability to activate our parasympathetic nervous systems to any significant extent, but we can easily activate the other functions listed.

13. D—Amphetamines and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.

14. A—After drinking small amounts of alcohol, people are often lively and seem uninhibited. This results from inhibition of part of the frontal lobes that usually keep emotions in check.

Rapid Review

Consciousness—our awareness of the outside world and of ourselves, including our own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. EEGs show alpha and beta waves.

Levels of consciousness:

Normally conscious, what you pay attention to is what you process into perceptions, thoughts, and experiences. Attention is a state of focused awareness.

• Preconscious—level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that can easily be brought to conscious awareness.

• Unconscious (subconscious)—level of consciousness that includes often unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness.

• Nonconscious—the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness.

Hypothalamus controls your biological clock, regulating changes in blood pressure, body temperature, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity levels, sleep, and wakefulness over 24 hours in normal environment (25 hours in a place without normal night–day).

Circadian rhythms—these daily patterns of changes.

Reticular formation (reticular activating system)—neural network in brainstem (medulla and pons) and midbrain essential to the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, arousal, and attention.

States of consciousness include: (normal waking) consciousness, daydreaming, sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and drug-induced states.

Sleep is a complex combination of states of consciousness, each with its own level of consciousness, awareness, responsiveness, and physiological arousal.

• Stage 1 sleep—quick sleep stage with gradual loss of responsiveness to outside, drifting thoughts, and images (the hypnagogic state). EEGs show theta waves.

• Stage 2 sleep—about 50% of sleep time. EEGs show high-frequency sleep spindles and K complexes.

• Stage 3 sleep—deep sleep stage. EEGs show some high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves.

• Stage 4 sleep—deepest sleep stage. EEGs show mostly delta waves. Slowed heart rate and respiration, lowered temperature and lowered blood flow to the brain. Growth hormone secreted.

• REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement sleep)—sleep stage when