A World on Fire_ Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War - Amanda Foreman [459]
13. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography with a Memorial Address (Boston, 1916), p. 82.
14. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., “The British Proclamation of May, 1861,” Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 48 (1915), pp. 190–241, at p. 216, Lord Lyons to Lord John Russell, February 4, 1861.
15. PRO Kew, 30/22/35, ff. 16–19, Lyons to Lord John Russell, February 12, 1861. Lord Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy, ed. Lord Newton, 2 vols. (London, 1914), vol. 1, p. 30, Lord Lyons to Lord John Russell, January 7, 1861.
16. BDOFA, part I, ser. C, vol., 5, p. 181, Russell to Lord Lyons, February 20, 1861.
17. Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 27.
18. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 316.
19. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 2, p. 98.
20. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, pp. 134–40.
21. BDOFA, part I, ser. C, vol. 5, Lyons to Russell, March 18, 1861.
22. Lynn M. Case and Warren F. Spence, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia, Pa., 1970), p. 130. Norman Ferris maintained that the various accounts of the dinner by the foreign ministers were too dissimilar to be trustworthy. I believe that the sense in all of them is the same: Seward did not like their answers and became aggressive. Norman B. Ferris, “Lincoln and Seward in Civil War Diplomacy: Their Relationship at the Outset Reexamined,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 12 (1991), p. 21.
23. Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons, vol. 1, pp. 31–34, Lyons to Russell, March 26, 1861. Norman Ferris disputes Lyons’s account but his argument is not persuasive.
24. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York, 1961), p. 383.
25. Adams, Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915, p. 108.
26. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, March 28, 1861.
27. David H. Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), p. 285.
28. Interestingly, Jack Shepherd, The Adams Chronicles (New York, 1975), p. 358, Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams (New York, 1961), p. 257, Philip Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared: World Aspects of the American Civil War (New York, 1965), p. 35, and Donald, Lincoln, p. 321, take the account from Charles Francis Adams, Jr.’s biography of his father, but it differs in minor but significant aspects from Adams’s diary.
29. Alan Hankinson, Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907 (London, 1982), p. 152.
30. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 67, June 4–10, 1861.
31. Hankinson, Man of Wars, p. 157, Mowbray Morris to Russell, April 4, 1861.
32. Wiltshire and Swindon RO, 2536/10, Edward Best to Aunt Sophia, May 10, 1861.
33. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York, 1988), p. 42, March 26, 1861; dashes added for clarity.
34. Ibid., p. 47, March 28, 1861.
35. Ibid.
36. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, March 31, 1861.
37. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography (Boston, 1916), pp. 112–13.
38. Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 270.
39. Edward L. Pierce (ed.), Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 4 vols. (Boston, 1894), vol. 4: 1860–1870, p. 29.
40. The crux of his proposal was America’s engagement with Europe. Seward stated that he “would demand explanation from Spain and France, categorically, at once. I would seek explanations from Great Britain and Russia, and send agents into Canada, Mexico and Central America, to rouse a vigorous continental spirit of independence on this continent against European intervention. And if satisfactory explanations are not received from Spain and France, would convene Congress and declare war against them.” This was a scatter-gun approach, indicative