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54. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 12, 1861.

55. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols.; vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863 (New York, 1960), p. 245.

56. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 5, 1861.

57. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, pp. 13–15, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 21, 1861.

58. Ibid., pp. 19–22, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 18, 1861.

59. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 17, 1861.

60. Carl Schurz, “Reminiscences of a Long Life,” McClure’s, 26/1 (Nov. 1905), p. 642. Schurz went on to say: “I left Mr. Adams with the highest impression of his patriotism, of the clearness and exactness of his mind, of the breadth of his knowledge, and his efficiency as a diplomat.… He was, in the best sense of the term, a serious and sober man. Indeed, he lacked some of the social qualities which it may be desirable that a diplomat should possess. While he kept up in London an establishment fitting the dignity of his position as the representative of a great republic and performed his social duties with punctilious care, he was not a pleasing after-dinner speaker, nor a shining figure on festive occasions. He lacked the gifts of personal magnetism or sympathetic charm that would draw men to him.”

61. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, August 18, 1861.

62. Ibid., June 5, 1861.

63. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 7, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 7, 1861.

64. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, pp. 197, 196, 134.

65. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, June 25, 1861, p. 834.

66. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 18, 1861.

67. Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden (New Haven, 1987), p. 305. “As for the separation of the States,” he wrote, “if I were a citizen of a free state, I should vote with both hands for a dissolution of partnership with the slave states.”

68. Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 163, col. 192, May 28, 1861.

69. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, pp. 13–15, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 21, 1861.

70. J.A.V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (eds.), The Letters of Mrs. Gaskell (New York, 1997), pp. 654–58, Gaskell to Charles Elliot Norton, June 10, 1861.

71. Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman (eds.), Europe Looks at the Civil War (New York, 1960), p. 62, Darwin to Asa Gray, June 5, 1861.

72. Clare Taylor, Britain and American Abolitionists: An Episode in Transatlantic Understanding (Edinburgh, 1974), p. 407, R. D. Webb, July 16, 1861.

73. February 2, 1861. But far more inflammatory had been Seward’s recent note, sent to all foreign governments, asking them to refuse asylum to escaped slaves.

74. Englishwoman’s Journal, June 1861.

75. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 202, Yancey, Rost, and Mann to Toombs, July 15, 1861.

76. William L. Yancey Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Yancey to R. Chapman, July 3, 1861.

Chapter 5: The Rebel Yell

1. Martin Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862 (Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 58, May 21, 1861.

2. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Philadelphia, 1988), ed. Eugene H. Berwanger, p. 172, June 1, 1861.

3. Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War, p. 59, May 24, 1861.

4. Ibid., p. 58, May 25, 1861.

5. Out of a total population of 168,675, 66,268 were immigrants.

6. Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War, p. 62, May 29, 1861.

7. The Times, May 22, 1861. For a fascinating discussion on the ethnic components of Louisiana’s regiments, see Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, N.C., repr. 2001), pp. 100–113.

8. PRO FO5/788, f. 171, Mure to Lord John Russell, July 9, 1861.

9. Russell, My Diary North and South,