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10. William Watson, Life in the Confederate Army: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War (London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), pp. 122, 397.

11. Pembrokeshire RO, HDX/559/52, William Benyon to brother Thomas in Wales, May 15, 1861.

12. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr. (ed.), Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate (Baton Rouge, La., 2000), p. 95.

13. The other problem for Mure was the harassment of black British subjects. He arranged for a black Crimean War veteran to be spirited out of the city, and paid $17.40 from consulate funds to secure the release of Alexander White, another black British subject languishing in jail. PRO FO5/788, f. 171, Mure to Lord John Russell, July 9, 1861. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 171, June 1, 1861.

14. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 7, June 8, 1861.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid., p. 60.

17. Ibid., p. 8, June 20, 1861.

18. Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, April 23, 1861.

19. William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel (New York, 1956), p. 6.

20. Ibid., p. 8.

21. Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

22. Ibid.

23. Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Lone Woman (Boston, 1970), p. 388.

24. Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

25. Wellcome Institute, Verney MS 8999/24, Florence Nightingale to Sir Henry Verney, June 11, 1861.

26. Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

27. Henri Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service: The Recollections of a Spy (16th edn., London, 1893), p. 10.

28. PRO FO282/6, ff. 350–51, d. 20, Archibald to Lord Lyons, April 29, 1861.

29. PRO 33/22/39, f. 71, Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 24, 1861.

30. PRO FO282/6, ff. 335–46, Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 24, 1861.

31. Some, like Mr. Murphy from Petersfield, England, were running away from debts, wives, and other burdens. His wife tried everything to locate him, even writing to President Lincoln to ask “Your Majesty” for help since “myself and dear baby are starving.… Should he be with any of your magistys [sic] regiments will you send the word.” NARA, RG94, entry 416, box 47, 1861 E–K, S. 396, Mrs. E Murphy to President Lincoln, August 29, 1861.

32. Corcoran’s insubordination led to his arrest and appearance before a court martial. He was in limbo, still under arrest but with no trial in sight, until the Battle of Fort Sumter. Corcoran immediately offered the services of the 69th. This posed an uncomfortable dilemma for the authorities until Governor Morgan issued a pardon and the charges against Corcoran could be dismissed.

33. Richard Demeter, The Fighting 69th: A History (Pasadena, Calif., 2002), p. 59. The 69th’s flag boldly proclaimed the allegiance of its members. Made of green cloth, at the top was the Fenian symbol of the sunburst, in the middle a golden harp, and along the bottom a wreath of shamrocks.

34. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 214, Herbert to mother, July 18, 1861.

35. Wiltshire and Swindon RO, 2536/10, Edward Best to Aunt Sophie, May 10, 1861.

36. PRO FO282/8, ff. 22–24, Edward Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 26, 1861.

37. The best history of the British origins of the 36th New York Volunteers can be found at http://www.conversantcomm.pl/36thNY/History2.htm.

38. Boston Herald, April 20, 1861, p. 4, col. 1.

39. Albion, May 25, 1861.

40. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), n.pp., c. June 2, 1861.

41. Ibid.

42. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 376.

43. Roxbury City Gazette, June 27, 1861, p. 2.

44. Illustrated London News, July 6, 1861, p. 22.

45. James M. Perry, A Bohemian Brigade: The Civil War Correspondents (Hoboken, N.J., 2000), p. 190.

46. Illustrated London News, August 3, 1861, p. 121.

47. Ibid., July 6, 1861,