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38. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, pp. 868–69, August 26, 1861.

39. NARA, M.T-396, roll 4, vol. 4, U.S. consul in Leith to Seward, August 29, 1861.

40. For example, Edward Anderson complained, “I called last night on Mr. Yancey to protest against his recommendation of English adventurers for appointment in the Confederate Army. The case in point was that of a young man who for some days had been hanging around my quarters seeking to get a recommendation to the authorities in Richmond, and who from all I could gather was an unprincipled trifling fellow. I had refused to endorse him and he went from me to Yancey who, without any knowledge whatever of the man, gave him letters to the Secy of War which procured him employment as an officer. I subsequently learned that this fellow turned out a Yankee spy.” W. S. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1976), pp. 43–44, August 7, 1861.

41. Joseph A. Fry, Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Reno, Nev., 1982), p. 50.

42. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 318.

43. Frank J. Merli, Great Britain and the Confederate Navy (Bloomington, Ind., 1965), p. 17.

44. R. I. Lester, Confederate Financing and Purchasing in Great Britain (Charlottesville, Va., 1975), p. 148.

45. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1884), vol. 1, p. 32.

46. McCaskill, “An Estimate of Edwin DeLeon’s Report of His Service to the Confederacy,” p. 22.

47. At 10 Rumford Place.

48. David Hepburn Milton, Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 29.

49. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 83–87, James Bulloch to Mallory, August 18, 1861.

50. Fry, Henry S. Sanford, p. 37.

51. Harriet Chappell Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad, 1861–1865,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 48 (Sept. 1961), p. 212.

52. Ibid., pp. 212–13.

53. Anderson never told Huse that his original mission had been to report on the latter’s operations and, if necessary, send him home. Huse’s determination to beat out Federal competition looked like reckless spending to the Confederate authorities, who had no idea of the obstacles impeding their agent. Some even suspected him of harboring Union sympathies because he did not hate all Northerners. But after three weeks’ acquaintance Anderson was able to report that Huse’s only defect was that he sometimes lacked discretion.

54. Neill F. Sanders, “Consul, Commander and Minister: A New Perspective on the Queenstown Incident,” Lincoln Herald, 81/2 (1979), pp. 102–15, at p. 103, Sanford to Seward, July 4, 1861.

55. Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad,” p. 214.

56. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent, p. 64, September 26, 1861.

57. Ibid., p. 36, July 25, 1861.

58. Samuel Bernard Thompson, Confederate Purchasing Operations Abroad (Gloucester, Mass., 1973), p. 16.

59. Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad,” p. 214.

60. Warren F. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), p. 18.

61. David Hollett, The Alabama Affair: The British Shipyards Conspiracy in the American Civil War (Wilmslow, 1993), p. 16.

62. OR, ser. I, vol. 4, no. 127, p. 577, L. P. Walker to Caleb Huse and Edward Anderson, August 17, 1861.

63. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 83–87, James Bulloch to Stephen Mallory, August 18, 1861.

64. Neill F. Sanders, “Lincoln’s Consuls in the British Isles, 1861–1865,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Missouri, 1971, p. 34.

65. Peter Barton, “The First Blockade Runner and the ‘Another Alabama’: Some Tees and Hartlepool Ships That Worried the Union,” Mariner’s Mirror, 81 (1995), pp. 45–64.

66. F. L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959),