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15. Another piece of bad luck was Robert Mure’s surname—the same as the consul’s in New Orleans. U.S. newspapers erroneously claimed that the two men were related, which made it look as though the British consuls in the South were in cahoots with one another against the North.

16. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, Box 299, Lord Lyons to sister, August 23, 1861.

17. Alan Hankinson, Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907 (London, 1982), p. 170.

18. Russell, My Diary North and South, pp. 301, 305.

19. The letter was purportedly from an English soldier, R. Young Atkins, “late of the Garibaldi Brigade,” who fought at Bull Run. The real Atkins was from Cork, his name was Richard Goring, and whether he wrote any of the rubbish in the letter remains doubtful.

20. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 159, August 23, 1861.

21. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 1, p. 154. It was a coincidence that John Bright broke his public silence about the Civil War just three days before the news of Bull Run. Neither the timing nor his views found favor with the voters of Rochdale and the Radical candidate lost the election.

22. Stanley Morison, The Times: The History of The Times; The Tradition Established, 1841–84 (London, 1939), p. 367.

23. Durham University, General Charles Grey MSS, GRE/D/VI/6, General Grey to 3rd Earl Grey, August 31, 1861.

24. Susan St. John Mildmay and Herbert St. John Mildmay (eds.), John Lothrop Motley and His Family: Further Letters and Records (London, 1910), p. 112.

25. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 216, George Henry Herbert to Jack, October 12, 1861.

26. He had allowed his mind to wander during drill practice. Unfortunately, wrote the regimental historian, when the order to march was given he “failed to move, and as a consequence the regiment ‘stood fast’ while all the other regiments moved off. For an instant the General seemed paralyzed with astonishment.” He then bellowed at the top of his voice, “ ‘Move! Move! For God’s sake, you little bandy-legged man, move!’ Herbert moved.” When the practice was over, five hundred men turned in Herbert’s direction and shouted in unison, “Move! Move, you little bandy-legged man!” Matthew J. Graham, The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers (Lancaster, Ohio, repr. 1997), p. 66.

27. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 216, Herbert to Jack, July 18, 1861.

28. Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 vols. (Boston, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 234–35, Charles Francis Adams to J. M. Forbes, August 30, 1861.

29. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, August 6, 1861.

30. Deborah Logan (ed.), The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 283, Martineau to Henry Reeve, July 28, 1861.

31. Morning Star, July 15, 1861.

32. Letters, Speeches, and Addresses of August Belmont (n.p., 1890), p. 77, Belmont to Seward, July 30, 1861.

33. Illustrated London News, August 10, 1861.

34. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 247, Lord Russell to Yancey, Rost, and Mann, August 24, 1861.

35. James D. Richardson (ed.), A Compilation of Messages and Papers of the Confederacy Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Nashville, Tenn., 1905), vol. 2, p. 53, Yancey and Mann to Robert Toombs, August 1, 1861.

36. Charles McCaskill, “An Estimate of Edwin DeLeon’s Report of His Service to the Confederacy,” MA thesis, University of South Carolina, 1950, p. 24.

37. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 233, Mann to Toombs, August 3, 1861. Mann continued: “The modus operandi would be this: That you should employ a strictly trustworthy individual to prepare a short statement of the most important occurrences, and transmit it per Cunard steamer to us, under cover to ‘M’Iver, agent Cunard Packets, Queenstown, Ireland.’ Reuter will give him directions to telegraph the contents to us the moment the steamer touches at that place. If it were deemed important to communicate