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in the 1848 revolution against Prussia, Sigel seemed to attract bad luck in the Civil War. At the Second Battle of Bull Run in August, his soldiers were mangled by the Confederates, resulting in the loss of 2,000 men. Since then, the XI corps had been designated the Reserve Grand Division. Some of the German volunteers’ English did not run much further than the corps’ slogan: “I fights mit Sigel.”

11. NARA, CB MID64, roll 66, Sir Percy Wyndham to General Heintzelman, December 3, 1862.

12. BL Add. MS 41567, f. 240, Herbert to mother, January 3, 1863.

13. Hugh Dubrulle, “Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 33/4 (Winter 2001), pp. 583–613, at p. 604, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Malet to Layard, December 27, 1862, BL Add. MS 39104, Layard Papers.

14. BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 236–37, Herbert to brother Jack, November 26, 1862.

15. Ibid.

16. BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 238–39, Herbert to brother Jack, December 16, 1862.

17. William Mark McNight, Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders (Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 83.

18. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 83.

19. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 2, p. 22.

20. Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War, p. 206.

21. Heros von Borcke, “Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence,” Blackwood’s Magazine, 99 (Jan.–June 1866), p. 193.

22. After Wynne and Phillips came Colonel Bramston, followed by Captain Bushby, who “had just run the blockade into Charleston, after an exciting chase by the Federal cruisers, and could only spare a few days to look at our army.…” Bushby presented General Lee with a saddle and Stonewall Jackson with a breech-loading carbine. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 463.

23. Ibid, p. 194.

24. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 31.

25. Foote, The Civil War, vol. 2, p. 26.

26. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 196.

27. Nearly three decades later, a young British military historian and disciple of Viscount Wolseley summarized Burnside’s mistakes: “Firstly, he underrated his antagonist; secondly, he neglected to reconnoiter as far as was within his power; thirdly, in preference to a line of operations which was feasible and safe, he selected one which … might possibly lead to terrible disaster.” G.F.R. Henderson, The Campaign of Fredericksburg (London, 1886, privately repr. 1984), p. 36.

28. Mr. Goolrick, the British vice-consul (who was actually an American citizen), was also among the captives. He had long been an embarrassment to Lord Lyons, providing ample fodder to Northern newspapers who claimed that every British official was rabidly pro-South. Lyons took advantage of his arrest to close the vice-consulate permanently.

29. William Stanley Hoole, Lawley Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 39.

30. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 116.

31. Ibid., p. 127.

32. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), December 11, 1862.

33. Henderson, The Campaign of Fredericksburg, p. 73.

34. Illustrated London News, January 31, 1863.

35. Brian Holden Reid, Robert E. Lee (London, 2005), p. 144.

36. Chicago Historical Society, George W. Hart MSS, George Hart to mother, January 12, 1863.

37. Hoole, Lawley, p. 40.

38. Johnson and Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 3, p. 116.

39. James A. Rawley (ed.), The American Civil War: An English View (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2002), p. 158.

40. Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy, p. 30.

41. von Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 451. The quotation in the footnote on this page is from Stuart to G.W.C. Lee, December 18, 1862, quoted in The Letters of General J.E.B. Stuart, ed. Adele H. Mitchell (n.p.: Stuart-Mosby Historical Society,