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21. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 560–61, Slidell to Benjamin, October 20, 1862.

22. Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 371–72, Mason to wife, January 18, 1862.

23. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 565–67, Hotze to Benjamin, October 24, 1862.

24. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 56. In his memorandum, written on October 25, 1862, Gladstone insisted, somewhat improbably, that the Americans would not be able to resist “a general opinion on the part of civilized Europe that this horrible war ought to cease.”

25. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 23, 1862.

26. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 56, Russell to Palmerston, October 24, 1862.

27. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lord Lyons to sister, October 24, 1862.

28. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 542–78, Slidell to Benjamin, October 28, 1862.

29. G. P. Gooch (ed.), The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, p. 331, Russell to Grey, October 28, 1862.

30. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Clarendon, 2 vols. (London, 1913), vol. 2, p. 265, Clarendon to Lewis, October 25, 1862.

31. PRO 30/22/36, ff. 281–89, Lyons to Russell, November 11, 1862.

32. Jones, Union in Peril, p. 203.

33. Gooch (ed.), The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, vol. 2, p. 333, Palmerston to Russell, November 2, 1862.

34. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 603, Hotze to Benjamin, November 7, 1862.

35. Deborah Logan (ed.), The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 365, September 17, 1862.

36. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1088, November 11, 1862.

37. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Clarendon, vol. 2, p. 268, Lewis to Clarendon, November 11, 1862.

38. Howard Jones, Union in Peril, p. 217.

39. Morely, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, vol. 2, p. 85, Gladstone to wife, November 13, 1862.

40. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 610–12, Hotze to Benjamin, November 22, 1862.

41. Quoted in Jones, Union in Peril, p. 223.

42. For example, Keele University, Sneyd MS, S[rs/hwv]/274, Henry William Vincent to Ralph Sneyd, November 17, 1862,.

43. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 618, Mason to Benjamin, December 11, 1862.

PART II: FIRE ALL AROUND THEM

Chapter 15: Bloodbath at Fredericksburg

1. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1092, November 19, 1862.

2. The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, ed. Carl Schurz, Frederick Bancroft, and William Archibald Dunning, 3 vols. (Garden City, N.Y., 1917), vol. 2, p. 246.

3. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Kennedy to Malet, September 15, 1862.

4. Calvin D. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War: Edward Malet in the United States,” South Atlantic Quarterly, 77/2 (1978), pp. 160–61. In his memoir, Malet wrote that he always regretted obtaining his first post through his father’s influence. “For many years it did me harm,” he wrote. “The grade above mine was that of paid attaché, and ten of my juniors were passed to that rank over my head on the ground that I had been appointed when I ought to have been still in the schoolroom.” E. Malet, Shifting Scenes (London, 1901), p. 18.

5. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War,” p. 171.

6. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to Lady Malet, February 10, 1862.

7. Ibid., Malet to Lady Malet, December 2, 1862.

8. The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 517, McClellan to Lincoln, November 2, 1862.

9. Richard Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War (New York, 1990), p. 203.

10. The 12,000-strong corps was principally made up of German immigrants, and most of its commanders were foreign-born. A hero to many German Americans on account of his military leadership of the Baden revolutionaries