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are represented to be wet with moisture, the stone floor damp and cold, the air impure and deathly, no bed or couches to lie upon and offensive vermin crawling in every direction. It is also represented that the prisoners are allowed no water with which to wash themselves or change of clothing and are on every side surrounded by filth and vermin.” OR, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 118, Seward to Stanton, January 27, 1863.

18. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, February 9, 1863.

19. Ibid., February 11, 1863.

20. Ibid., February 25, 1863.

21. Ibid., February 28, 1863.

22. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1136, March 18, 1863.

23. Virginia Mason (ed.), The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 387–92.

24. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), pp. 135–36, January 21 and January 20, 1863.

25. Ibid., p. 131.

26. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), pp. 96–97.

27. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1884), vol. 1, p. 272.

28. Ibid., p. 270.

29. Ibid., p. 273, February 3, 1863.

30. There appears to be a great deal of confusion over which Emile Erlanger—the father or son—Mathilda actually married. Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 207, says the father, which the family website confirms: http://www.hydethomson.com/familytree/default.htm

31. Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History (1970), pp. 158–88. Spence always claimed that Erlanger took advantage of the Confederacy but subsequent studies have showed that the terms of the loan were comparable to, if not more favorable than, those offered to other governments with more grounds for legitimacy.

32. H. B. Wilson was a Canadian who had worked in the shipping industry. He did not arouse the Confederates’ suspicion and, within a few weeks of introducing himself, had become a regular at their meetings and dinners. His success opened the doors to other U.S. agents.

33. ORN, ser. 1, vol. 13, p. 640, January 9, 1863. Excerpts of these reports were distributed to the navy, for example: “Liverpool. January 10 1863: The steamer Pet has just cleared and will go to sea this day.… The steamer Banshee has gone to-day on a trial trip.… It will not be very many days before she leaves for the South.… The Peterhoff went to sea yesterday. I herewith forward an invoice of her cargo, also an invoice and description of the Sterlingshire, a sailing bark in the Confederate service. From all I can learn the two steamers may attempt to get into Charleston. They are new, or nearly so, and would make good transport ships.”

34. Frances Leigh Williams, Matthew Fonatine Maury (Piscataway, N.J., 1963), p. 403.

35. NARA, T.168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc.29, Morse to Seward, February 20, 1863.

36. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, vol. 1, p. 395, February 3, 1863.

37. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 712–16, Mason to Benjamin, March 19, 1863.

38. Stephen Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War (Columbia, S.C., 1988), p. 94.

39. Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared, p. 194.

40. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy, pp. 132–33.

41. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 130.

42. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 1, p. 154, Sumner to John Bright, April 7, 1863.

43. Lord Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy, 2 vols. (London, 1914), vol. 1, pp. 99–100, Russell to Lyons, March 28, 1863.

44. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 131.

45. NARA, T. 168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc. 41, Morse to Seward, March 27, 1863.

46. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 134.

47. Brooks Adams, “The Seizure of