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18. Diary of Gideon Welles, vol. 1, p. 435, September 17, 1863.

19. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 227–30, Lyons to Russell, November 6, 1863.

20. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 213–16, Lyons to Russell, October 23, 1863.

21. For a fuller discussion of Sumner’s motives and the reaction to his speech, see David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), pp. 126–37.

22. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 2, pp. 197–98, Sumner to Bright, October 6, 1863.

23. Quoted in Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1220, October 8, 1863.

24. Edward Chalfant, Better in Darkness (New York, 1994), p. 69.

25. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 24, 1863.

26. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1212, September 22, 1863.

27. Benjamin did not have a clear idea, when he sent the dispatch on August 4, of what Mason’s departure would achieve, beyond pinning his hopes on the French to break clear of their alliance with Britain. Charles Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 149.

28. North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226 Rose O’Neal Greenhow Papers, London Diary, p. 35.

29. Blackman, Wild Rose, p. 271.

30. PRO 30/22/26, Argyll to Russell, October 17, 1863.

31. Philip Guedalla (ed.), Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865 (London, 1928), pp. 264–66, Palmerston to Gladstone, October 9, 1863; Gladstone to Palmerston, October 8, 1863.

32. BDOFA, part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, doc. 348, Captain Inglefield to Lord Paget, November 1, 1863; Inglefield to Vice-Admiral Grey, October 25, 1863.

33. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), p. 164.

34. University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., Rush Rhees Library, A.W39 Thurlow Weed MSS, Currie to Weed, September 15, 1863.

35. Some of James Horrocks’s letters were deposited in the Lancashire Record Office in Preston; the rest are in the Blackburn Museum. In 1982, the curator of the Blackburn Museum, A. S. Lewis, collated the two collections and published them under the title My Dear Parents. The combination of Lewis’s scholarship and Horrocks’s engaging style makes the book one of the most important eyewitness accounts of Civil War life by an English volunteer. Horrocks’s father owned a cotton mill and had suffered hard during the cotton famine. Horrocks was forced to abandon his studies at the Wesleyan teachers’ training college in London and return home to Bolton. The pregnancy of Martha Jane Hammer had added another financial burden. She successfully sued him for financial support. He ran away to America rather than submit to the court, leaving his family with the embarrassment of the unpaid support.

36. A. S. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents (New York, 1982), p. 23, Horrocks to parents, September 5, 1863.

37. Ibid.

38. Daniel B. Lucas, Memoir of John Yates Beall (Montreal, 1865), p. 265.

39. W. W. Baker, “Memoirs of Service” (property of Mr. Jack Beall), p. 21.

40. Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers (New York, 1990), p. 98.

41. Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln (New York, 2006), p. 313.

42. Frank E. Vandiver (ed.), The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1947), p. 55.

43. Sam Watkins, Company Aytch (New York, 1999), p. 74.

Chapter 25: River of Death

1. Robert L. Kincaid, The Wilderness Road (Middlesboro, Ky., 1966), pp. 268–69.

2. Ibid., pp. 263–65.

3. OR, ser. 1, vol. 30, doc. 52, p. 435, De Courcy to Brigadier General Potter, September 7, 1863.

4. William Marvel, Burnside (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), p. 278. For example, De Courcy wrote to Brigadier General Potter on September 7, 1863: “My sick are filling the houses in my rear, and I have no surgeons or medicines to leave with them. Dr. Wilson can inform you that I foretold this and some of the other disasters