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54. Cornhill Magazine, 10 (1864), pp. 99–110.

55. Fitzgerald Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 107.

56. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT box 1/107, Thomas Prioleau to Charles K. Prioleau, September 9, 1863. The comment by Lawley in the footnote on this page is taken from Alan Hankinson, Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907 (London, 1982), p. 182.

Chapter 24: Devouring the Young

1. North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226, Rose O’Neal Greenhow MSS, London Diary, p. 3.

2. The Private Journal of Georgiana Gholson Walker, ed. Dwight Franklin Henderson, Confederate Centennial Studies, 25 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1963), p. 53.

3. Ann Blackman, Wild Rose: Rose O’Neale Greenhow, Civil War Spy (New York, 2005), p. 267.

4. Warren F. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), pp. 144–76. In addition to Spencer, the other invaluable works on this subject are King Cotton Diplomacy by Frank Owsley (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959) and Great Britain and the Confederate Navy by Frank J. Merli (Bloomington, Ind., 1965).

5. David Hepburn Milton, Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 107.

6. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, pp. 428, 437.

7. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, August 28, 1863.

8. PRFA, 1 (1864), p.367, Adams to Russell, September 5, 1863.

9. MHS, June 1914. “Argyll Letters, 1861–1865,” pp. 66–107, Duchess of Argyll to Sumner, July 23, 1863, p. 81.

10. “Letters of Richard Cobden to Charles Sumner,” American Historical Review, 2 (1897), p. 312, Cobden to Sumner, August 7, 1863. Cobden continued: “Had England joined France they would have been followed by probably every other State of Europe, with the exception of Russia. This is what the Confederate agents have been seeking to accomplish. They have pressed recognition on England and France with persistent energy from the first.”

11. PRO 30/22/22, f. 243, Palmerston to Russell, September 4, 1863. In fact, he expected them to lose the case: “I think you are right in detaining the iron clads now building in the Mersey and the Clyde, though the result may be that we shall be obliged to set them free—There can be no doubt that ships coated with iron must be intended for warlike purposes, but to justify seizure we must, I conceive, be able to prove that they are intended for the use of the Confederates and to be employed against the Federal government, and this may not be easy as it will be to lay hold of them.”

12. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 290.

13. Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/39/11, Palmerston to Somerset, September 13, 1863. Palmerston continued: “If we get these ships they will tend to give us moral as well as maritime strength.” On October 2, Palmerston was ruminating on the theme of war with the United States: “We shall be pretty well off, I see, by next summer, with an addition for 1865; and there seems no good reason to expect a rupture with France within that period though it would be hazardous to say as much of our relations with the United States.”

14. Detective Officer William Cozens filed the following report: “On Sunday the 13th instant, 95 men of the crew of the Florida arrived here by Railway from Cardiff the greater portion of them are natives of Ireland and some from various parts of Great Britain, the rest are composed of Germans, Dutchmen and a few Americans.” PRO HO45/7261/122.

15. BDOFA, Part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, p. 184, Adams to Russell, September 16, 1863.

16. D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York, 1974), p. 326, PRFA, 1 (1864), p. 384, Russell to Adams, September 25, 1863.

17. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston 1920), vol. 2, p. 82, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., September 16, 1863.