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25. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle (New York, 2006), p. 177.

26. Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City (New York, 2005), p. 298.

27. Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 vols. (New York, 1900), vol. 2, p. 49.

28. Arthur J. L. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States (Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 300.

29. Ellis, The Epic of New York City, p. 305.

30. The description of the draft riots is largely taken from the following sources: Ellis, The Epic of New York City; Joel Tyler Hedley, The Great Riots of New York, 1712–1873 (New York, 1873); David Barnes, The Draft Riots of New York, July, 1863: The Metropolitan Police; Their Service During Riot Week (New York, 1863); Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham (New York, 1999), pp. 888–99.

31. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 610. The Gatling gun had been patented in 1862.

32. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 339, July 15, 1863.

33. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 303.

34. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (Oxford, 1990), p. 17.

35. George Rowell, “Acting Assistant Surgeon,” Nineteenth Century Theatre Research, 12 (1984), p. 33.

36. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, p. 341, July 17, 1863.

37. Ellis, The Epic of New York, p. 315.

38. PRO FO282/8, ff. 325–28, Archibald to Russell, July 18, 1863.

39. PRO FO282/10, ff. 126–27, d. 238, Archibald to Lyons, July 20, 1863.

40. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 536.

41. Northumberland RO, 2179/1, C. A. Race to Father, July 24, 1863. Another lost soul in the Federal army was thirty-four-year-old Theodore Lee. Unhappy at home and beset by financial problems, he had fled England because “I wanted a radical change.… I needed a change to prevent both mind and body being comfortably boxed up at the expense of my friends.” Joining the Federal army as a substitute had seemed his only option. So far his life was tolerable, he wrote to his brother and sister in England, except that “the mosquitoes and bugs are terrible at night.” Leicestershire RO, D3796/6, Theodore Lee to his brother and sister, August 16, 1863.

42. British Library of Political and Economic Science, LSE, Farr MSS, Add. 2, J. G. Kennedy to William Farr, August 9, 1863. Sometimes, the case was reversed and the legation was pitted between a penitent son and his furious family. Charles Race, an English sergeant stationed at Fort Monroe, needed all his courage to inform his father that he was still alive: “With feelings of sorrow which it is utterly impossible for me to describe, I take my pen in a trembling hand to write and let you know where I am,” he wrote on July 24, 1863. “I went as you are aware to London and, after passing a few miserable days there, a burning sense of shame at the idea of looking anybody in the face again combined, I now think with a kind of insanity, I formed the idea of coming to America.… I left England whether ever to see you again or not, God only knows.”

43. PRO FO115/395, f. 73, Belshaw to Lyons, August 14, 1863.

44. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston 1911), vol. 1, pp. 409–10, August 21, 1863.

45. University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., Rush Rhees Library, Seward MSS, Lyons to Seward, July 20, 1863.

46. PRO FO5/892, ff. 17–24, Lyons to Russell, August 3, 1863.

47. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 133–36, Lyons to Russell, August 7, 1863.

48. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 143–46, Lyons to Russell, August 14, 1863.

49. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 147–59, Lyons to Russell, September 2, 1863.

50. PRO 30/22/22, ff. 255–57, Palmerston to Russell, September 14, 1864.

51. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 664.

52. Justus Scheibert, Seven Months in the Confederate States During the North American War, 1863, trans. Joseph C. Hayes, ed. William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2009), pp. 132, 140.

53. PRO FO5/907, ff. 179–88, Stuart