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10. Charles Francis Adams made the first claim for redress against the Alabama, “for the national and private injuries sustained by the proceedings of this vessel,” on November 20, 1862. Russell replied on December 19, categorically stating that “Britain cannot be held responsible … for these irregular proceedings of British subjects,” and to claim otherwise would be as reasonable as the British government suing the American “for the injuries done to the property of British subjects by the Alabama … on the ground that the United States claim authority … over the Confederate States, by whom that vessel was commissioned.” PRFA, 1 (1864), p. 35, Russell to Charles Francis Adams, December 22, 1862.

11. PRO FO282/7 (2), Consul Archibald to Lord Lyons, April 9, 1863.

12. PRO HO45/7261/216, Colonial Office to Home Office, February 10, 1864. Final estimates for Irish-American recruitment throughout the war hover around 140,000 in the Federal army, and between 20,000 and 40,000 in the Confederate. Of the sixteen stowaways on the Kearsarge, five were tried in April 1864 for violating the Foreign Enlistment Act. They pleaded guilty to the charge and were released on their own cognizance. By then, Adams thought the government was pursuing the case in order to appear even-handed in its battle to shut down Confederate operations.

13. Charles P. Cullop, “An Unequal Duel: Union Recruiting in Ireland, 1863–1864,” Civil War History, 13 (1967), p. 108.

14. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1886), vol. 1, p. 444.

15. Duke University, Special Collections Library, Rose O’Neal Greenhow Papers, Greenhow to Alexander Boteler, December 10, 1863.

16. The captured blockade runner is incorrectly identified as the Ceres in William C. Davis (ed.), Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad (Lawrence, Kan., 2005), p. xxii.

17. Ann Blackman, Wild Rose: Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Civil War Spy (New York, 2005), p. 275.

18. Ibid.

19. Lynda L. Crist, Kenneth H. Williams, and Peggy L. Dillard (eds.), The Papers of Jefferson Davis, vol. 10 (Baton Rouge, La., 1999), p. 143.

20. Bayly Ellen Marks and Mark Naton Schatz (eds.), Between North and South: A Maryland Journalist Views the Civil War; The Narrative of William Wilkins Glenn, 1861–1869 (Cranbury, N.J., 1976), p. 123, February 1864.

21. North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC1226, Rose O’Neal Greenhow Papers, London Diary, p. 48.

22. The Private Journal of Georgiana Gholson Walker, ed. Dwight Franklin Henderson, Confederate Centennial Studies, 25 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1963), p. 74, March 8, 1864.

23. North Carolina State Archives, Greenhow diary, p. 53.

24. Bulloch, The Secret Service of The Confederate States of America, p. 296.

25. Ibid.

26. Stanley Lebergott, “Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861–1865,” Journal of Economic History, 41 (Dec. 1981), p. 876.

27. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 981–85, Hotze to Benjamin, December 26, 1863.

28. R.J.M. Blackett, Divided Hearts: Britain and the American Civil War (Baton Rouge, La., 2001), p. 190.

29. Index, January 14, 1863.

30. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 1007–9, Mason to Benjamin, January 25, 1864. For example, Lady Wharncliffe wrote on January 30, 1864: “To think that having started [the war in 1861 with our friends] here drawn with indignation at the conduct of the Confederates, and that now one should be wishing for their success, slave owners as they are! … However I am convinced that somehow the knell of slavery is rung.” Durham University, Grey MSS, GRE/G17/21/18–19, Georgiana Elizabeth, Lady Wharncliffe, to Miss Elizabeth Copley.

31. Benjamin to Spence, January 11, 1864, quoted in John Bigelow, “The Confederate Diplomatists and Their Shirt of Nessus,” Century Magazine, 20 (1891), p. 122.

32. MPUS, Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1 (1864), p. 44.

33. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of