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34. Wilbur Devereux Jones, The Confederate Rams at Birkenhead, Confederate Centennial Studies, 19 (Wilmington, N.C., 2000), p. 107.

35. W. G. Wiebe, Mary S. Miller, and Anne P. Robson, Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1860–1864 (Toronto, 2009), p. 314.

36. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 2, pp. 118–19, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, January 16, 1864.

37. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1264, February 16, 1864, and February 17, 1864.

38. Ibid., p. 1266, February 20, 1864.

39. Ibid., p. 1269, March 1, 1864.

40. Edward Chase Kirkland, Charles Francis Adams Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), p. 28.

41. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1274, March 12, 1863.

42. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 874–81, Hotze to Benjamin, August 27, 1863.

43. The book was far superior to the novelist George Alfred Lawrence’s self-pitying account of his capture and imprisonment, called Border and Bastille. It was also much more effective as a piece of pro-Confederate propaganda than a work such as The South as It Is, by the Rev. T. D. Ozanne, who had spent twenty-one years in the South and could not understand why it should be made to suffer all because of “one social evil.”

44. Hugh Dubrulle, “Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 33/4 (Winter 2001), pp. 583–613, at p. 594.

45. Brian Jenkins, “Frank Lawley and the Confederacy,” Civil War History, 23 (March 1977), p. 158.

46. Ibid.

47. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 1046–47, Slidell to Benjamin, March 5, 1864.

48. Jenkins, “Frank Lawley and the Confederacy,” p. 158.

49. Quoted in Edward Chalfant, Better in Darkness (New York, 1996), p. 75.

50. North Carolina State Archives, Greenhow diary, p. 65.

Chapter 28: A Great Slaughter

1. A head count in the South at the end of 1863 revealed that only 277,000 soldiers remained after three years. President Davis did not dare allow such alarming information to reach the public. The North, on the other hand, had 611,000 men in arms.

2. John Bierman, Napoleon III and His Carnival Empire (New York, 1988), p. 234.

3. Thomas Edgar Pemberton, Sir Charles Wyndham: A Biography (London, 1904), p. 27; “Britons in the Civil War: Sir Charles Wyndham,” Crossfire, 37 (Nov. 1990).

4. OR, ser. 1, vol. 34/1, p. 219, Report of Admiral Porter, June 13, 1864. “I trust some future historian will treat this matter as it deserves to be treated,” he declared, “because it is a subject in which the whole country should feel an interest.”

5. Although Dahlgren’s massacre plan could have been a forgery, the South believed that the papers were authentic.

6. Duane Schultz, The Dahlgren Affair (New York, 1998), p. 157. Two weeks before Colonel Dahlgren made his doomed ride toward Richmond, the Confederate Congress had secretly approved a bill on February 15 to transfer $5 million to a Secret Service fund. The bill also authorized the use of covert warfare against the North. The government had finally accepted that Lee could not win the war by himself.

7. Ibid., p. 181.

8. Mabel Clare Weaks, “Colonel George St. Leger Grenfell,” Filson Club History Quarterly, 34 (1960), p. 11.

9. Stephen Z. Starr, Colonel Grenfell’s Wars (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), p. 125.

10. Frank Moore (ed.), Rebellion Record, ser. 1, 53 vols., vol. 8 (New York, 1883), p. 515, Burton N. Harrison to Lord Lyons, April 6, 1864.

11. Oscar A. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada (Hanover, Mass., 1970), p. 36.

12. John Jones passed a pleasant two days in February 1863, working out possible permutations of a three-way partition between the states; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbane, Ill., 1958), p. 165.

13. James Morton Callahan, The Diplomatic History of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1901), p.