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41. Edward Lyulph Stanley, Fourth Baron Stanley of Alderley, letters from America, Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Cambridge, Stanley to Lady Stanley, April 17, 1864.

42. Ibid., April 27, 1864.

43. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 128, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, May 1, 1864.

44. OR, ser. 1, vol. 32/3, p. 246, Grant to Sherman, April 3, 1864.

45. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents, p. 77, Horrocks to parents, May 8, 1864.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid., p. 78.

48. James Pendlebury MSS, pp. 4–5.

49. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 3, p. 170.

50. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 197, Dawson to mother, June 1, 1864.

51. Jeffry D. Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier (New York, 1993), p. 385.

52. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), May 5, 1864.

53. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 197, Dawson to mother, June 1, 1864, and p. 115.

54. Grant was annoyed by the halfhearted performance from his tired army, but, wrote a British military historian in the 1930s, “it is sometimes difficult to decide where driving force deteriorates into mere pigheadedness and refusal to face unpalatable facts.” Alfred H. Burne, Lee, Grant, and Sherman (repr. Lawrence, Kan., 2000), p. 24.

55. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells, May 10, 1864.

56. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York, 1906), p. 110.

57. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents, p. 85, Horrocks to father, May 31, 1864.

58. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 2, p. 131, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, May 29, 1864.

Chapter 29: “Defiance to Her Enemies”

1. Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, John Ward Diary, pp. 178–79.

2. The Times, May 27, 1864. Les Misérables had been published in New York to great acclaim in 1862.

3. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 130.

4. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT, box 81, p. 298, Prioleau to Henry Wise, May 17, 1864.

5. Samuel Bernard Thompson, Confederate Purchasing Operations Abroad (Gloucester, Mass., 1973), p. 40.

6. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), p. 180.

7. Ibid., p. 182.

8. Ibid.

9. Warren F. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), p. 194. The blockade-running business had remained an exclusive club of a small number of shipping firms. The most accurate calculation to date lists only 111 British-owned ships between 1861 and 1865.

10. Library of Congress, Mason Papers, Lindsay to Mason, May 10, 1864.

11. Ibid., Tremlett to Mason, June 2, 1864.

12. Ibid., Maury Papers, Tremlett to Maury, June 1, 1864.

13. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1144, Mason to Benjamin, June 9, 1864.

14. The name Cold Harbor came from the local tavern, which offered beds for the night but not hot meals.

15. Frederick W. Seward (ed.), Seward at Washington (New York, 1891), p. 223.

16. Ernest Samuels (ed.), Henry Adams: Selected Letters (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), p. 68, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 10, 1864.

17. Norman C. Delaney, John McIntosh Kell of the Raider Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 157.

18. Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services (1868; repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 750.

19. John Morris Ellicott, The Life of John Ancrum Winslow (New York, 1905), p. 179.

20. Frederick Milnes Edge, An Englishman’s View of the Battle Between the Alabama and the Kearsarge (New York, 1864), pp. 27–28, D. H. Llewellyn to Travers, June 14, 1864.

21. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 4, p. 607.

22. Ellicott, The Life of John Ancrum Winslow, p. 193.

23.