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36. Grant, Memoirs, p. 506.

37. Adam Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 3 vols. (New York, 1885), vol. 2, p. 502.

38. Richard Bache Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Army Corps (New York, 1892), p. 442.

39. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 123.

40. Ibid., p. 201, Dawson to mother, August 7, 1864.

41. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 2, p. 181, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, August 13, 1864.

42. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents, p. 92.

43. Timothy Holmes (ed.), David Livingstone: Letters and Documents, 1861–1872 (London, 1990), pp. 85, 73, Livingstone to James Young, February 19, 1862, Livingstone to James Young, c. July–August 1863. The source for the footnote is George Seaver, David Livingstone: His Life and Letters (London, 1957), p. 453.

44. William Garden Blaikie, Personal Life of David Livingstone, p. 339.

45. Holmes (ed.), David Livingstone: Letters and Documents, p. 96; David Livingstone to Charles Livingstone, September 2, 1864.

46. The Times, September 20, 1864.

47. Frank E. Vandiver (ed.), The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1947), p. 132, August 8, 1864.

48. The Times, September 24, 1864.

49. Vandiver (ed.), The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas, p. 137, August 29, 1864.

Chapter 31: The Crisis Comes

1. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 751.

2. OR ser. 1, vol. 35/2, doc. 66, p. 615, Feilden to Gorgas, August 20, 1864.

3. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS (22), Feilden to Julia McCord, September 1, 1864.

4. Ibid., (20), Feilden to Julia McCord, August 26, 1864.

5. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), p. 414, August 25, 1864.

6. Philip Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared: World Aspects of the American Civil War (New York, 1965), pp. 314–15.

7. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1202, Benjamin to Colin McRae, September 6, 1864.

8. John Bierman, Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley (New York, 1990), p. 38. See also Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr. (ed.), Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate (Baton Rouge, La., 2000), pp. 150–54.

9. July 12, 1864, and August 6, 1864; quoted in James McPherson, Tried by War (New York, 2009), pp. 231–32.

10. PRO 30/22/38, ff. 91–94, Lyons to Russell, August 15, 1864, and f. 95, August 23, 1864.

11. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1032, Benjamin to Slidell, February 19, 1864. The Knights of the Golden Circle also boasted Harpending and Rubery—the California raiders—as members. Other members included Jesse James, John Wilkes Booth, and the rampaging Quantrill’s Raiders in Missouri. The secretive order answered only to itself, but its aims included an independent South, the protection of slavery, and the acquisition of territory from Mexico.

12. OR, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 585–86, Clay to Benjamin, August 11, 1864.

13. The Confederates had initiated the contact; it was the idea of Confederate gadfly and sometime agent George N. Sanders, whose dreams and schemes were forever ending in disaster. However, his powers of persuasion were legendary and—to the other Confederates’ dismay—Sanders had no sooner arrived in Canada when he latched on to Clay and Holcombe and brought them completely under his sway. He played them like puppets, thoroughly enjoying his power to script the occasion. “In my long life I have known no counterpart to this man,” recorded an observer. “He was a constant menace to the interests for which the commissioners were responsible.” Adam Mayers, Dixie and the Dominion: Canada, the Confederacy, and the War for the Union (Toronto, 2003), p. 65.

14. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 2, pp. 669–70.

15. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 474, August 19, 1864.

16. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 182, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis