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17. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), p. 529.

18. George Congdon Gorham, Life and Public Services of Edwin M Stanton, 2 vols. (New York, 1899), vol. 2, p. 149.

19. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 648.

20. Library of Congress, Papers of Abraham Lincoln, “Blind Memorandum,” August 23, 1864.

21. PRO 30/22/38, ff. 95–97, Lyons to Russell, August 23, 1864.

22. PRO 30/22/38, ff. 85–90, Lyons to Russell, August 9, 1864.

23. PRO FO5/1258, n. 73, Mary S. Hill to Lord Lyons, August 20, 1864.

24. Widow of Andrew Cunningham, late a British subject: Correspondence between the State department and the British legation, relative to the claim of the widow of the late Andrew Cunningham, a British subject, improperly enlisted into the military service of the United States, March 5, 1866 (39th Congress, Hse Rep., 1866). Seward promised Lyons that Cunningham’s widow would receive his bounty and army pay without delay. But the War Department ignored his repeated requests.

25. BDOFA, part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, p. 313, Monck to Cardwell, September 26, 1864.

26. Fitzgerald Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 228.

27. Duane Schultz, The Dahlgren Affair (New York, 1998), p. 209.

28. Mabel Clare Weaks, “Colonel George St. Leger Grenfell,” Filson Club History Quarterly, 34 (1960), p. 11, Grenfell to Mary, July 18, 1864.

29. K. W. Wheeler, For the Union: Ohio Leaders in the Civil War (Columbus, Ohio, 1968), p. 50.

30. The “Northwest” encompassed Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, and Iowa, states that not only felt little cultural or political affinity with New England, but also felt unfairly targeted by the tax system. The Knights of the Golden Circle had changed its name first to the Order of the American Knights, and then in 1864 to Sons of Liberty. Its membership remains impossible to determine, but at its height may have been as many as 300,000. The sons claimed to have a membership closer to a million.

31. ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 714, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

32. William Tidwell, April ’65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War (Kent, Ohio, 1995), p. 130.

33. Weaks, “Colonel George St Leger Grenfell,” p. 10, Grenfell to “Hunter,” July 31, 1864.

34. John W. Headley, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York (New York, 1906), p. 225.

35. Oscar A. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada, p. 58.

36. Stephen Z. Starr, Colonel Grenfell’s Wars (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), p. 172.

37. James Horan, Confederate Agent: A Discovery in History (New York, 1954), p. 129.

38. D. Alexander Brown, “The Northwest Conspiracy,” Civil War Times Illustrated, 10 (May 1971), p. 16.

39. Weaks, “Colonel George St. Leger Grenfell,” p. 11, Grenfell to William Maynard, August 31, 1864.

40. ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 714, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

Chapter 32: The Tyranny of Hope

1. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 1162–63, Hotze to Benjamin, July 4, 1864.

2. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 165. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 8, 1864. Edward Chalfant, Better in Darkness (New York, 1991), p. 79.

3. On June 28, 1864, Rose recorded the following conversation in her diary: “Called upon Lady Chesterfield. Lady Derby was there, Marchioness of Ailesbury also came in. Much talk upon politics.… I asked, ‘Will ministers go out?’ Answer, ‘No.’ The radicals have promised to support the Gov. in their peace policy and there will be a division of 25 or 30 in support. Lady C: ‘I don’t believe they can have such a majority, not more than five or 6.’ In that case it will be a defeat. Then they will dissolve Parliament and go to the country. They love office too well to go out. Lady C: ‘They will be hard pressed.’ Lady A: ‘Yes but you will see, they will manage it.’ The discussion is put off for Monday. Lord Derby will man it in the House of Lords. Mr. Disraeli in the Commons.