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20. Sheffield, WHM 460a/51, Wharncliffe to Adams, November 9, 1864.

21. Library of Congress, Hotze Papers, private letterbook, Hotze to Gregg, October 8, 1864. The journal was moving from its two rooms in Bouverie Street to more spacious premises at 291 Strand, and Hotze could not afford any decrease in the circulation. Yet he must have seen the increasing references in the press to the South as a slave state. On the same day as his reproof to Gregg, a writer in the Dumfries Standard declared that he hoped “the day is not far distant when a deep sense of shame shall be felt in this country for even the partial and temporary sympathy manifested for the pro-slavery States of America.” Loraine Peters, “The Impact of the American Civil War on the Local Communities of Scotland,” Civil War History, 49 (2003).

22. The Index was printing 2,250 copies a week—an impressive circulation considering that John Bright’s Morning Star circulation was only 5,000.

23. Angus Hawkins, The Forgotten Prime Minister, vol. 2 (Oxford, 2008), p. 291.

24. SRO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/40/13, Palmerston to Duke of Somerset, September 6, 1864.

25. Scott Thomas Cairns, “Lord Lyons and Anglo-American Diplomacy During the American Civil War,” Ph.D thesis, London School of Economics, 2004, p. 348, Palmerston to de Grey, September 11, 1864.

26. Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/40/16, Palmerston to Duke of Somerset, November 30, 1864.

27. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, November 21, 1864. While writing about his fears of a Democratic victory, he revealed an ugly prejudice against the Democratic financier Augustus Belmont, whom he slated as “the German Jew agent of the foreign stockbrokers, the Rothschilds.”

28. Russell thought he was giving more than they deserved when he wrote: “Of the causes of the rupture Her Majesty’s Government have never presumed to judge.… Such a Neutrality Her Majesty has faithfully maintained and will continue to maintain.” A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Nashville, 1905), vol. 2, p. 687, Russell to Commissioners, November 25, 1864.

29. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 243. Slidell visited the French Foreign Ministry, thinking that the foreign minister wished to discuss the manifesto. Instead, he received an official complaint regarding the forced enlistment of French subjects into the Confederate army. The minister refused to show any interest in the capture of CSS Florida in neutral waters, or in any other U.S. infringements dangled before him by Slidell.

30. Ernest Samuels (ed.), Henry Adams: Selected Letters (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), p. 71, Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., November 25, 1864.

31. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1354, December 1, 1864, and November 30, 1864.

32. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 223, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, November 14, 1864.

33. The system for exchanging prisoners had worked according to a strict hierarchy: 1 general = 46 privates; 1 major general = 40 privates; 1 brigadier general = 20 privates; 1 colonel = 15 privates; 1 lieutenant colonel = 10 privates; 1 major = 8 privates; 1 captain = 6 privates; 1 lieutenant = 4 privates; 1 noncommissioned officer = 2 privates.

34. William Elsey Connelley, A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, 5 vols. (New York, 1918), vol. 5, p. 2473.

35. James Pendlebury MSS, private collection.

36. Arnold Haultain (ed.), Reminiscences by Goldwin Smith (New York, 1910), p. 336.

37. Goldwin Smith wrote, for example: “Does the Bible Sanction American Slavery?” (1863), as well as his “Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association” (1864).

38. Haultain (ed.), Reminiscences by Goldwin Smith, p. 353.

39. Robin Winks, Canada