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40. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (New York, 2008), vol. 2, p. 740.

41. PFRA, 2/2 (1864), p. 760, Seward to Lyons, November 3, 1864.

42. Frederick W. Seward (ed.), Seward at Washington (New York, 1891), p. 250.

43. William Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York, 2000), p. 539.

44. Bell I. Wiley, Confederate Women (New York, 1975), p. 109.

45. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbane, Ill., 1958), p. 447, November 9, 1864.

46. A. S. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents (New York, 1982), p. 108.

47. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 204, Dawson to mother, November 25, 1864.

48. Ibid., pp. 132–33.

49. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, p. 456, December 5, 1864.

50. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 205, Dawson to mother, November 25, 1864.

51. Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War (Cambridge, 1995), p. 188. In popular myth, thousands of families were driven out into the desolate countryside at the point of the bayonet. In reality, 1,644 people, including 860 children, were put on trains to nearby towns.

52. Archibald McCowan, “Five Months in a Rebel Prison, 1 October 1864 to 1 March 1865,” Victorian Periodical Review (1993).

Chapter 35: “The British Mark on Every Battle-field”

1. Oscar A. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada (Hanover, Mass., 1970), p. 117.

2. ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 718, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

3. Frederick Job Shepard, The Johnson’s Island Plot: An Historical Narrative of the Conspiracy of the Confederates …, ed. Frank H. Severance (Buffalo, 1906; repr. Ithaca, N.Y., 2007), p. 45.

4. John W. Headley, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York (New York, 1906), p. 271.

5. Ibid., p. 272.

6. New York Times, November 26, 1864.

7. Edward O. Cunningham, “In Violation of the Laws of War,” Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 18/2 (Spring 1977), pp. 189–201.

8. New York Times, November 27, 1864.

9. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 522, November 29, 1864.

10. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 2 (1864), p. 370, Seward to Lyons, December 4, 1864.

11. Joseph Burnley, the new legation secretary, complained that once Lyons fell ill it became next to impossible to get him to write his letters. An unofficial count by Lord Lyons’s biographer revealed a grand total of 8,236 letters written by Lyons since 1861. It was no wonder that he could not face another dispatch.

12. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1 (1864), p. 370, Seward to Adams, December 5, 1864.

13. PRO FO881/1334, p. 72, Monck to Burnley, December 14, 1864.

14. Headley, Confederate Operations, p. 309.

15. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 238, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, December 25, 1864.

16. Sumner’s bill to forbid segregation on Washington’s streetcars died in the House through lack of support.

17. “Letters of Goldwin Smith to Eliot Norton,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 49 (1916), p. 115, Goldwin Smith to Norton, December 29, 1864.

18. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada, p. 177; ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 930, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

19. William Tidwell, James Hall, and David Winfred Gaddy, Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988), p. 203.

20. Cleburne concluded: “It is said slavery is all we are fighting for, and if we give it up we give up all. Even if this were true, which we deny, slavery is not all our enemies are fighting for. It is merely the pretense to establish sectional superiority and a more centralized form of government, and to deprive us of our rights and liberties. We have now briefly proposed a plan which we believe will save our country. It may be