Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [172]
23. For ants generally, see, e.g., M Beekman, DJT Sumpter, FLW Ratnieks 2001, Phase transition between disordered and ordered foraging in pharaoh’s ants, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98: 9703–9706; and R Beckers, S Goss, J-L Deneubourg, JM Pasteels 1989, Colony size, communication, and ant foraging strategy, Psyche 96: 239–256.
24. This estimate is based on a small colony with twelve nests bringing in 45,000 prey per year; see A Dejean 1991, Adaptation d’Oecophylla longinoda aux variations spatio-temporelles de la densité de proies, Entomophaga 36: 29–54.
25. A Dejean, Prey capture strategy of the African weaver ant, in Applied Myrmecology: A World Perspective, ed. RK Vander Meer, K Jaffe, A Cedeno (Boulder, CO: Westwood Press, 1990), pp. 472–481.
26. Dale Peterson and Richard W. Wrangham, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), pp. 5–21.
27. W Federle, W Baumgartner, B Hölldobler 2004, Biomechanics of ant adhesive pads: Frictional forces are rate-and temperature-dependent, J. Exp. Biol. 207: 67–74.
28. J Wojtusiak, E Godzinska, A Dejean 1995, Capture and retrieval of very large prey by workers of the African weaver ant, Oecopylla longinoda, Trop. Zool. 8: 309–318.
29. N Rastogi 2000, Prey concealment and spatiotemporal patrolling behaviour of the Indian tree ant Oecophylla smaragdin a, Insectes Soc. 47: 92–93.
30. DL Cassill, J Butler, SB Vinson, DE Wheeler 2005, Cooperation during prey digestion between workers and larvae in the ant Pheidole spadonia, Insectes Soc. 52: 339–343.
31. A number of related ants show similar behavior; see C Saux, BL Fisher, GS Spicer 2004, Dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28S rDNA sequences and implications for ant systematics, Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 33: 457–468.
32. K Masuko 1989, Larval hemolymph feeding in the ant Leptanilla japonica by use of a specialized duct organ, the “larval hemolymph tap,” Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24: 127–132.
33. The fastest and most voluminous liquid feeders tend to be nondominant ants (see chapter 10) that grab meals and run; see DW Davidson, SC Cook, RR Snelling 2004, Liquid-feeding performances of ants: Ecological and evolutionary implications, Oecologia 139: 255–266; and DW Davidson 1997, The role of resource imbalances in the evolutionary ecology of tropical arboreal ants, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 61: 153–181.
34. B Hölldobler 1985, Liquid food transmission and antennation signals in ponerine ants, Isr. J. Entomol. 19: 89–99.
35. See, e.g., Walter R. Tschinkel, The Fire Ants (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 332–333.
36. MW Moffett 1985, An Indian ant’s novel method for obtaining water, Natl. Geogr. Res. 1: 146–149.
37. EO Wilson, RW Taylor 1964, A fossil ant colony: New evidence of social antiquity, Psyche 71: 93–103.
38. LU Gadrinab, M Belin 1981, Biology of the green spots in the leaves of some dipterocarps, Malay. For. 44: 253–266.
39. Weaver ants are known to catch and eat the pollinators of one tree species, so the value of their protective services may be mixed (though some flowers may secrete repellants to get around problems with the ants); see K Tsuji, A Hasyim, H Nakamura, K Nakamura 2004, Asian weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, and their repelling of pollinators, Ecol. Res. 19: 669–673; and J Ghazoul 2001, Can floral repellents pre-empt potential ant-plant conflicts?, Ecol. Lett. 4: 295–299.
40. GM Wimp, TG Whitham, Host plants mediate ant-aphid mutualisms and their effects on community structure and diversity, in Ecological Communities: Plant Mediation in Indirect Interaction Webs, ed. T Ohgushi, TP Craig, PW Price (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 683–738.
41. Many taxonomists now call these insects Sternorrhyncha. Before Homoptera excrete sap, they remove a proportion of its amino-nitrogens and convert many of its simple sugars into polysaccharides; such changes are considered minor, however, and the ants that feed on honeydew are therefore widely treated as “primary consumers.”
42. See, e.g., JAH Benzie 1985, Selective positioning of