Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [183]
19. C Kleineidam, R Ernst, F Roces 2001, Wind-induced ventilation of the giant nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri, Naturwissenschaften 88: 301–305.
20. H Herz, W Beyschlag, B Hölldobler 2007, Herbivory rate of leaf-cutting ants in a tropical moist forest in Panama at the population and ecosystem scales, Biotropica 39: 482–488.
21. M Bass, JM Cherrett 1995, Fungal hyphae as a source of nutrients for the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens, Physiol. Entomol. 20: 1–6.
22. JC Moser 2006, Complete excavation and mapping of a Texas leafcutting ant nest, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99: 891–897.
23. Some Acromyrmex with colonies of a few thousand have minors and majors that differ little in size, but there is still a division of labor: majors cut and carry leaves and minors tend the gardens.
24. George F. Oster and Edward O. Wilson, Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), p. 22.
25. William H. Davidow and Michael S. Malone, The Virtual Corporation: Structuring and Revitalizing the Corporation for the 21st Century (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), p. 167.
26. There is no full-time gardener worker caste. Description based on EO Wilson 1980, Caste and division of labor in leaf-cutting ants, I: The overall pattern in A. sexdens, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7: 143–156.
27. Such microbes remain in the gardens at low levels and are so little known that some may prove to be vital to the ants; see RJ Quinlan, JM Cherrett 1978, Studies on the role of the infrabuccal pocket of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus, Insectes Soc. 25: 237–245.
28. M Bass, JM Cherrett 1996, Leaf-cutting ants prune their fungus to increase and direct its productivity, Funct. Ecol. 10: 55–61.
29. M Bass, JM Cherrett 1996, Fungus garden structure in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens, Symbiosis 21: 9–24.
30. Data on the size of the trail systems and the costs of trail construction and mantenance are from JJ Howard 2001, cited in n. 9.
31. Bert Hölldobler, personal communication; and M Autori 1947, Combate a formiga saúva, Biológico 13: 196–199.
32. AG Farji-Brener, C Sierra 1998, The role of trunk trails in the scouting activity of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes, Ecoscience 5: 271–274.
33. These ideas about what has been described earlier as “recruitment overrun” are based on leaf baits left on the ground near trunk trails. See JD Sheperd 1982, Trunk trails and the searching strategy of a leaf-cutter ant, Atta colombica, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11: 77–84.
34. A Trewavas 2005, Green plants as intelligent organisms, Trends Plant Sci. 10: 413–419; and F López, JM Serrano, FJ Acosta 1994, Parallels between the foraging strategies of ants and plants, Trends Ecol. Evol. 9: 150–153.
35. See, e.g., B Hölldobler 1976, Recruitment behavior, home range orientation and territoriality in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 3–44. Some trails are marked with colony-specific territorial odors; see JFA Traniello, Recruitment communication, in Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd ed., ed. Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardé (New York: Academic Press, 2009), pp. 980–987.
36. JC Crick, JP Grime 1987, Morphological plasticity and mineral nutrient capture in two herbaceous species of contrasted ecology, New Phytol. 107: 403–414.
37. SEF Evison, AG Hart, DE Jackson 2008, Minor workers have a major role in the maintenance of leafcutter ant pheromone trails, Anim. Behav. 75: 963–969.
38. AG Farji-Brener, G Barrantes, O Laverde, K Fierro-Calderón, F Bascopé, A López 2007, Fallen branches as part of leaf-cutting ant trails: Their role in resource discovery and leaf transport rates in Atta cephalotes, Biotropica 39: 211–215.
39. LL Rockwood, SP Hubble 1987, Host-plant selection, diet diversity,