Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [208]
primates: abduction vs. slavery by, 155, 252nn21, 23; group foraging, 333; group transport, 62–63. See also chimpanzees
primitive, inappropriateness of term, 263n10
Proatta, 188, 257n4; butteli, 25–26, 25, 116, 188
propaganda substance, 151
protea plants, 207, 207
Protomognathus americanus: as Myrmicinae, 153; slave raid of Temnothorax by, 151–52, 153; as social parasites, 153–54, 252n11; tandem-running recruitment of, 153. See also slaves and slavery
proximity: and foraging success, 26; pheromones vs., 20; superorganisms and, 20
pseudomutant technique, 244n10
Pseudomyrmex: defense by, 129–31, 130; invasive species of, 208
pupal stage (pupae): defined, 9; migration and, 58; raided for food, 47, 79, 80, 81; raided for slaves, 148, 150, 166, 167, 251n2; slave mutiny by killing, 154
queens: Amazon ants, 156–57; Argentine ants, 204, 210, 215, 216, 217, 261n17; army ants, 61, 90; culled by workers, 61, 228, 261n17; death of, and death of colony, 9, 145; death of, and survival of colony, 204, 217–18, 226, 251n41; enslavement of, 156–57, 167; eviction of, 61; excavation of, 56; fire ants, 219; Formica, 156–57, 253n34; killed by rival colony, 61; lack of leadership role, 34; leafcutter ants, 186–87, 196, 257n79; life spans, 8, 187, 225; marauder ants, 56, 58–59, 60–61, 240n19; mass transport of, 64; migration of, 58–59, 90; multiple, 113–14, 157, 167, 228, 245n10; and odor of colony identity, 156–57, 216, 253n34, 261n10; size of, 38; Temnothorax, 167; weaver ants, 113–14, 245n10. See also reproduction
quorum sensing, 104, 229
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, 21–22
raids: of slavemaker species, 157–64, 162–63; of solitary-foraging species, 19, 85, 99, 159. See also mass foraging; swarm raids
Raignier, Albert, 96
rapid dominance, 47, 212, 261–62n20
Rapu, Sergio, 231
ravens, 33
recognition signals. See group identity
recruitment: adult transport, 149; Amazon ants, 153; army ants, 27, 106, 236n9, 244n19; categories of,236n14; defined, 18; Leptogenys, 19, 34; “looping,” 244n19; to new nest, 104; overrun, 29, 48–49, 177, 239n25, 245n22, 255n33; pheromones for, 18, 29, 153; tandem running, 153; weaver ants, 115. See also recruitment trails; scouts
recruitment overrun, 29, 48–49, 177, 239n25, 245n22, 255n33
recruitment trails: insinuator ants parasitizing, 128– 29; of leafcutter ants, 171; of other animals, 32, 33; pheromones for, 30, 31, 237n13
red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta): age of, and risk taking by, 54–55; anatomy of, 234n3; Argentine ants, conflicts with, 219–20, 219, 263n32; feeding of, as market economy, 120; invasiveness of, 208, 219–20, 260n11, 262n31; nests of, 219; as pest, 220; predation on Pheidole,245n3; quarantines against, 220; queens, 219; raft formation to survive flooding, 141; recruitment overrun,245n22; slavemaking by, 154, 252n20; species in U.S., 262n31
redundancy of operations: benefits of, 44–45, 145, 146, 223, 225, 227, 251n37
regurgitation, 57, 64, 118, 120, 150, 166, 175, 181
repetition. See redundancy of operations
replete workers: as food supply, 57; group transport of, 64; lack of in army and driver ants, 90; life span of, 225; as slaves, 165; taste of, 73
reproduction: conflicts over, 228, 229, 264n32; division of labor in, 8, 186, 226, 228, 229, 257n85. See also larval stage; nursery and nursery workers; pupal stage; queens
Rettenmeyer, Carl, 97
reverse dominance hierarchy, 225, 263n12
ring species, 261n15
risk taking: age and health of worker and, 54–55, 115, 127; avoiding unnecessary risks, 97, 136, 149, 165, 195, 251n5; castes and expendability, 42, 57, 193, 225, 240n10; in catching prey, 99; size of society and, 128, 129, 165, 223, 225, 248n30; swarm raids and, 35–36, 237n31, 238n33
Robertson, Hamish, 207
robots: stigmergy and, 53; swarm bots, 66, 227
Roman military, 33–34, 42
Sagehen Creek Field Station, 149–51, 156–64
sanitation: air quality in leafcutter nests, 173–74; antibiotics from metapleural glands, 192, 258n14; fungi farming and, 175, 183, 186, 188, 192–93, 200, 254n27, 258nn14, 19, 28; grooming, 190–91, 191, 192; human, 193, 258n21;