Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [211]
swimming and floating, 140–43, 142, 144
symbolic behaviors, 115
synergy, 70
tactical deception, 165, 253n12
tarsus (foot), 7
task partitioning (assembly lines), 45, 46, 102, 174, 180–81, 188, 212, 223, 244n14, 255n52
taste of ants, 73, 112, 144, 186
teams, 68, 180, 212, 215, 226, 241nn11, 12; cost of creating, 226; and society size, 70, 223
Technomyrmex albipes: defense of, 128
Teleutomyrmex schneideri, 157
Temnothorax (free living): abundance of, 167; acorn nests of, 153, 167; evolution of slavery and, 165, 253n11; queens of, 167; slave raids on, 151–52, 153
Temnothorax (slaves): acorn nests of, 153; mutiny by, 154. See also Protomognathus americanus; slaves and slavery
temperate zones: physical events as threats in, 140, 167–68; slavemaker ants in, 148–49, 152, 167–68, 253nn17, 18
temperature, caste determined by, 9
tempo of life: for fungus farmers, 196; size of society and, 44, 78, 145, 223; for slavemakers, 150
temporal castes (age classes), 234n9. See also age
termites: army ant predation of, 88–90, 89; caste system, 88; fungus farming by, 172, 254n17; Leptogenys predation of, 19; marauder ant predation of, 40, 41; mass foraging by, 32; mass transport by, 64; nests of, 88; queens, 64; specialist predators of, 99; warfare among, 247n10
territoriality: Amazon ants, 165, 253n9; Argentine ants, 204, 209, 211; army ants, 132; canopy as encouraging, 129; chimpanzees, 115; competing for resources vs. space, 115–16, 123, 246n18; exploratory trails and, 260n20; familiarity and aggressiveness, 261n11; fixed vs. fluid, 115–16; humans and, 115–16, 123, 246n18, 247–48nn9, 10; mosaics and, 132–33; nondominant ants and, 128–29; size of society and, 122–23, 128, 129, 223; slavery evolution and, 165, 253nn9, 11; warfare and, 56, 97, 116, 123; weaver ants, 115–16, 122–23, 128–29
terrorism, 128; and centralized control, 145, 225
Tetramorium, 157
Thaumatomyrmex, 8, 9
thermal radiation, 138
thief ants (Diplorhoptrum), 154, 252n12
Thomas, Lewis, 17, 49, 222
Thomas, Melissa, 205
Tiputini Research Station (Ecuador), 135
Topoff, Howard, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 191
“tournaments,” 165, 253n12
traffic patterns, 50–51, 52, 179, 239n31
trails: of Argentine ants, 212, 260nn20, 22; avoiding those of other colonies, 82, 178, 242nn20, 24; in canopy, 138–39; as form of circulatory system, 51, 239n1; home direction, knowing, 49–51, 239n32; traffic patterns on, 50–51, 179, 181, 239n31. See also exploratory trails; recruitment trails; trunk trails
transportation: bridges and other structures, 139–40, 139,245n6; canopy navigation, 137–39, 161, 164, 250nn10, 12, 18; climbing, 134–36, 250n10; falling, 135–37; leafcutters hitchhiking on leaves, 183, 186, 235n2; levels of ecosystems and, 133–34, 134, 249nn1, 3; marauder minors hitchhiking on majors, 14, 14; size of ants and, 143, 144; of slavemakers by slaves, 149; swimming and floating, 140–43, 142, 144; between trees, 139–40; walking, 14, 135, 179; weight carried by individuals, 64, 235n2. See also group transport; trails
trapjaw ants. See Acanthognathus; Myrmoteras; Odontomachus
trees: ant gardens in, 121–22, 214, 247n3, 250n23; branching patterns of, 138; fallen, opening in canopy and, 187, 194; middens fertilizing, 194, 258n25; number of ant species in single, 122; seed sowing for, 194–95; shelter in during floods, 141, 209. See also ant plants; canopy; plant mutualisms; transportation
Trivers, Robert, 228
tropical environments: biological threats in, 140; niche specialists vs. generalists in, 48, 239n23; slavemaker ants absent in, 167, 168
trunk trails: accessing distant areas, 83–84, 178; Argentine ants, 211; army ants, 83, 84, 91, 100, 245n247; in conflicts, 27, 51, 52, 54, 55, 82, 91, 178, 242n247; construction and maintenance of, 12, 51, 52, 114,