speculates on breach with Western Powers, 164; inept tactics, 166; mounts offensive (December 1942), 166–7; condition of German soldiers in, 175; Model repels Red Army, 176; prisoners of war ill-treated by Germans, 178, 505, 510; quality of artillery, 178; underestimated by Germans, 179; ruthlessness, 179; British popular support and admiration for, 181–2; neutrality pact with Japan (1941), 192; skirmish with Japan (Nomonhan Incident, 1939), 192; and US war plans, 199–200; Allied supplies to, 200, 269, 284, 293, 304, 322–3; size of battlefields and forces, 236; Arctic convoys to, 284–90; unwelcoming reception of visiting Allied sailors, 293; religious revival, 299; renewed German gains, 300–1; German rations in, 301–2; releases prisoners for war service, 302; soldiers’ suffering, 304; Western view of military situation, 304–5; secretive and uncooperative nature, 305; defeats under Budyonny (August 1942), 306; German setbacks (autumn 1942–spring 1943), 307, 320; low civilian morale, 307; women in action and work, 309, 311, 354–6, 358; stoicism, 319; advance against Germans, 320, 394–6, 548–50; armaments output, 322, 381; civilians’ reaction to war, 338; agricultural inefficiency and food shortages, 349; Ultra intelligence passed to, 368; view of North African campaign, 376; civilians’ conditions and shortages, 381; middle-rank military weaknesses, 382; children’s sufferings, 384–5; soldiers’ anger at German depredations, 385; army deserters, 386; ignorance of war in remote areas, 400; recruits from Asian republics, 400; campaign in Manchuria (1945), 438; dominant contribution to victory, 441; criticises Western Allies’ sluggish ground campaigns, 450; air force effectiveness, 474; gulag and prison camps, 496–7; anti-Semitism, 514–15; renews assaults in north (winter 1943–4), 525; deception operations, 527; fighting qualities, 544; refuses to support Warsaw uprising, 588; winter offensive (1944–5), 590, 597; attack on Budapest, 599–601; casualties in Budapest, 605; captures Berlin, 613; joins war against Japan, 646, 650; displaced persons in, 654; repression at war’s end, 654–5; deaths in immediate post-war period, 657; post-war antagonism with West, 659; Churchill welcomes as ally, 661; dominates Eastern Europe, 661, 665; achieves war aims, 665; see also Red Army; Stalin, Josef
Spaatz, Gen. Carl (‘Tooey’), 637, 651
Spain: remains neutral, 111–14, 398
Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion in, 473
special forces, 325
Special Operations Executive (SOE): women agents, 358; in Albania, 406; in Yugoslavia, 466
Spectator (journal), 335
Speer, Albert, 480, 483, 621
Spicer, Tom, 92
Spiller, Capt. Eberhard, 45
Spooner, Rear-Adm. Jack, 211
Sprague, Rear-Adm. Clifton, USN, 572–3
Springett, George, 95
Spruance, Adm. Raymond, USN, 244, 247, 250–3, 436, 439, 566–7, 667
SS (Schutzstaffel): and Nazi Jewish policy, 508–12, 519–20
Stafilakas, Sgt. Diamantis, 117
Stahl, Peter, 89
Stahlberg, Alexander, 9
Stahlecker, Police Gen. Walter, 148–9
Stalin, Josef: and Jewish suffering, xvii; pact with Nazis, 3, 8; and partition and occupation of Poland, 3, 15; as prospective ally against Germany, 8; early deliberate neutrality, 22; invades Finland, 30–2, 35–6; conditions for Finnish peace, 38; and defeat of France, 74–5; annexes Baltic states, 75; territorial expansionism, 99; and prospective war with Germany, 141; ignores warnings of German invasion, 143; collapse and withdrawal to dacha, 149; broadcasts appeal to Soviet people, 150, 163–4; military inexperience, 150, 166–7, 177–8, 181; as Supreme Commander, 150–1; justifies enforced industrialisation, 153; military strength, 158; and defence of Moscow, 162; Voroshilov attacks, 169; orders attack to relieve Leningrad, 173; rejects wholesale evacuation of Leningrad, 175; seeks to make common cause with Hitler, 182; war aims, 182; Western Allies fear separate peace with Germany, 200; and Russian religious revival, 299; directs New Year offensive (1942), 300; misjudges German aims (1942), 302; authorises strategic retreat from Voronezh, 303; and defence of Stalingrad, 303; delegates