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Triantafillos, Spyros, 117

Tripartite Pact (Germany–Italy–Japan, 1940), 112, 187, 193

Tripoli: falls to British, 375

True, Bill, 586

Truman, Harry S.: on US racketeering and profiteering, 230; and development of atom bomb, 647–8; fails to deliver ultimatum before use of A-bomb, 649–50; announces Japan’s unconditional surrender, 651; and European Jews, 674

Truscott, Gen. Lucian, 595, 667

Trutz, Hildegard, 619, 671

Tsapounis, Ahmet, 116

Tsuchi, Corp. Tominosuke, 212

Tsuchida, William, 586

Tsuji, Col. Masanobu, 209, 215–16, 263

Tu Lu Ming, Gen., 223

Tunis, 379

Tunisia, 375, 377

Tuominen, Arvo, 31

Turin, Italy: bombed, 491

Turing, Alan, 368

Turkey: neutrality, 398

Turner, Rear-Adm. Kelly, USN, 255–6

Tutt, Gunner Len, 115

Tzannetakis, George, 122

U-boats: as threat, 270, 272–3; war against, 272–3, 280; numbers, 273, 282; campaign, 274–5; types and equipment, 274; and Ultra intercepts, 275–6, 278, 283; employed in Mediterranean and Norway, 278, 294; sinkings, 278, 280–1, 283; successes on US east coast, 278–9; conditions and crews, 279; ‘wolf packs’, 279, 282–3; attacks on Atlantic convoys, 280–1; attacks on Arctic convoys, 293; new models, 483

Ukraine: in German strategy, 144–5; anti-Russian actions, 145; young women deported to Germany, 153; guerrilla fighters in, 156; welcomes Germans, 158, 405; Russians reoccupy, 392; and extermination of Jews, 511

Ultra intercepts: and Crete operation, 123; in Pacific war, 237, 244, 265, 267, 369, 566; of U-boat positions, 275–6, 278, 283; and PQ17 convoy, 290; in Mediterranean campaign, 298; aids Allies in North Africa, 367, 372, 378; as critical influence for Allies, 367–8; on German intentions in Italy, 443; on German evacuation of Sicily, 449; inadequate intelligence on effect of bombing of Germany, 483; and Hitler’s counter-attack plan in Normandy, 554; and German pessimism in autumn 1944, 577; on German strength at Arnhem, 579; on German Ardennes offensive, 591; and Slim’s Burma campaign, 633

Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy, 459

Umezu, Gen. Yoshijiro, 648

Unit 731 (Japanese biological warfare), 428–9, 672

United States of America: total casualties, xviii, 324–5, 670; shipping freed from British contraband searches, 39; industrial strength, 101, 663; enters war (December 1941), 165, 190, 197–8; view of war in Europe, 182–9; rearmament and conscription measures, 184; destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain, 186; isolationism, 186–7, 189–90; material aid for Britain, 186; embargoes on Japan, 188, 194; Japan attacks, 188, 191, 195–6; industrial disputes, 189; opposition to admitting foreign refugees, 189; and Japanese threat, 194; domestic values, 197–8; North African landings (November 1942) and campaign, 198, 282, 361, 366, 377–8; remoteness from conflict and privations, 198; gives priority to defeat of Germany, 199, 254; military assessments and plans, 199–200; shipbuilding, 199, 275, 284, 361; supplies China by Burma Road, 222; economic output, 228–9; popular response to war, 228–31; racketeering and profiteering, 229–30, 339; atrocities on Guadalcanal, 257–8; convoy escort duties, 276; shipping losses on east coast, 280; aid to Russia, 284, 293, 323; satisfaction with society, 335; food availability, 348–9; declines to send food to Europe, 351; women workers, 353–4; armaments production, 361; military build-up, 362–3; lacks faith in British Eighth Army, 365; intelligence sharing with Britain, 368; setbacks in North Africa, 377–8; detains Nisei Japanese, 400–1; readiness to make separate peace with Germany, 400; heterogeneity and national groups, 401–2; racism, 401–2; anti-imperialism, 407–8, 420, 664; behaviour of servicemen in India, 420–1; conduct of Pacific campaign, 432–8; supports Nationalist China, 432; commitment to war against Japan, 433; contribution to victory, 441, 663; favours early landings in France, 442; casualties in Italy, 453, 456; anti-Semitism, 516; popular view of Germans, 518; presses for invasion of Europe, 532; infantry weapons, 539–40; non-cooperation with Britain in Asia, 560; closes ring on Japan, 564; army’s behaviour in