American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [240]
51 Walker’s views: Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Restriction of Immigration,” NAR, January 1891.
51 Lodge used the occasion: Henry Cabot Lodge, “Lynch Law and Unrestricted Immigration,” NAR, May 1891.
52 Walker and Lodge: NYT, April 30, 1891; Boston Traveler, October 24, 1891; “Report of the Select Committee on Immigration and Naturalization,” 51st Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 3472, January 15, 1891; “Regulation of Immigration and to Amend the Naturalization Laws,” House Report, 51st Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 3808.
52 The 1891 Immigration Act: Michael LeMay and Elliot Robert Barkan, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 66–70; Higham, Strangers in the Land, 99–100.
53 Immigration was now: Hiroshi Motomura, “Immigration Law After a Century of Plenary Power: Phantom Constitutional Norms and Statutory Interpretation,” Yale Law Journal, December 1990; Lucy E. Salyer, Laws as Harsh as Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 26–28. Salyer claims that the inclusion of this clause that made the executive branch the final arbiter of immigration appeals stemmed from unhappiness over Chinese immigrants using the courts to challenge the Chinese Exclusion Act. While this could very well be true, it remains speculation.
53 The new immigration system: On the rise of the federal government and the administrative state, see Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Keith Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State and the National Identity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996); Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977); Morton Keller, Regulating a New Society: Public Policy and Social Change in America, 1900–1933 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); and Gabriel J. Chin, “Regulating Race: Asian Exclusion and the Administrative States,” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 37 (2002).
54 Despite the corruption: Svejda, “Castle Garden,” iii.
CHAPTER THREE: A PROPER SIEVE
57 As she exited: The discussion of Annie Moore comes from the NYT, January 2, 1892; New York Herald, January 2, 1892; NYW, January 2, 1892; Thomas M. Pitkin, Keepers of the Gate: A History of Ellis Island (New York: New York University Press, 1975), 19; and the records of ship manifests found at www. ellisislandrecords.org.
58 She was soon: A controversy arose over what happened to Annie Moore. Legend held that she headed out west to Texas, married, and died tragically when she was struck by a streetcar. More recent research found that Annie Moore actually never left New York. Instead, she remained in lower Manhattan, married a German-American named Schayer three years after her arrival, had eleven children of whom only five survived, and died of heart failure at age forty-seven in 1924. “She had the typical hardscrabble immigrant life,” said Megan Smolenyak, the genealogist who discovered the story of the real Annie Moore. “She sacrificed herself for future generations.” The living descendants of Annie Moore have Irish, German, Italian, Jewish, and Scandinavian surnames, a testament to the American melting pot. NYT, September 14, 16, 2006.
60 Once on the second floor: HW, October 24, 1891.
60 A reporter from: HW, August 26, 1893.
60 Politicians, journalists: NYT, November 7, 1895; Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labour, vol. 2 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1967), 154.
61 “The existing immigration