American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [239]
36 The Board of Commissioners laid out: Kapp, Immigration and the Commissioners, 109–110. For a history of the Battery, including Castle Garden’s many incarnations, see Rodman Gilder, The Battery (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1936).
36 Wealthy New Yorkers: NYT, June 15, 1855; Svejda, “Castle Garden,” 40.
36 On Castle Garden’s first day: Svejda, “Castle Garden,” 45–46; NYT, August 4, 1855.
37 Having failed: NYT, August 7, 1855. In a letter to the editor the day after the indignation meeting, Rynders clarified his views on the matter. NYT, August 8, 1855.
37 After the final: NYT, August 8, 1855; New York Daily Tribune, August 7, 1855.
37 Throughout the fall: NYT, August 14, 18; December 15, 1855.
37 The harassment of: Kapp, Immigration and the Commissioners, 108; Svejda, “Castle Garden,” 50–57.
38 Some reports claimed: Kapp, Immigration and the Commissioners, 81.
38 With the runners: William Dean Howells, A Hazard of New Fortunes (New York: Meridian, 1994), 263; NYT, December 23, 1866; Friedrich Kapp, quoted in Charlotte Erickson, ed., Emigration from Europe, 1815–1914 (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1976), 274; New York: A Collection from Harper’s Magazine (New York: Gallery Books, 1991), 363.
39 Between 1860 and: John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 39.
39 A writer in: Higham, Strangers in the Land, 35; “Dangers of Unrestricted Immigration,” Forum, July 1887.
40 Daily newspapers: Edward Self, “Why They Come,” NAR, April 1882; Edward Self, “Evils Incident to Immigration,” NAR, January 1884.
40 Newspapers throughout: Public Opinion, April 30, May 14, June 30, 1887.
41 Others used: “Immigration and Crime,” Forum, December 1889.
41 It took Episcopal bishop: “Government by Aliens,” Forum, August 1889.
41 Despite Coxe’s florid: Public Opinion, April 30, July 30, 1887, December 28, 1889.
42 Shortly after the decision: Hutchinson, Legislative History, 65–66.
42 It was not until: “An Act to Regulate Immigration,” 1882, excerpted in Abbott, ed., Immigration, 181–182.
43 That same year: Vought, Bully Pulpit, 10; Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 89–90; Hutchinson, Legislative History, 80–83.
44 The Board of Commissioners: Document No. 815, Box 4, INS.
44 Of the estimated: NYT, January 25, 1883; “Immigration Investigation Report, Testimony and Statistics,” House Report 3472, 51st Congress, 2nd Session, Serial 2886.
44 To many, this cried out: NYT, February 11, 1883.
45 In 1880, a twenty-two-year-old: Robert Watchorn, The Autobiography of Robert Watchorn (Oklahoma City, OK: Robert Watchorn Charities, 1959); “Robert Watchorn,” Outlook, March 4, 1905.
45 Another sign: Roll 19, G-7-G20, ANY.
45 Public concern about: James B. Bell and Richard I. Abrams, Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island (New York: Doubleday, 1984), 43–45.
46 In 1887, Pulitzer trained: NYW, July 27, August 4, 10, 1887; Erickson, ed., Emigration from Europe, 1815–1914, 276; NYT, August 31, 1887.
46 In 1888: The Ford Report, reprinted in Congressional Record, 50th Congress, 2nd Session, 997–999.
48 Congress never acted: Vought, Bully Pulpit, 12.
49 As conditions at: “Immigration and Crime,” Forum, December 1889.
49 The decision was inevitable: John B. Weber, Autobiography of John B. Weber (Buffalo, NY: J.W. Clement Company, 1924), 88.
50 In response, a joint House and Senate: Congressional Record, 51st Congress, 1st Session, Volume 21, 3085–3089.
50 “Give us a rest”: Francis A. Walker, “Immigration,” Yale Review, August 1892; Francis A. Walker, “Immigration and Degradation,” Forum, August 1891.
51 Walker also