American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [238]
25 Little Oyster Island: Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 63.
25 One of the first orders: Berthold Fernow, ed., Records of New Amsterdam, vol. 1 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976), 51, 58–59; Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (New York: Doubleday, 2004), 259; Elva Kathleen Lyon, “Joost Goderis, New Amsterdam Burgher, Weighmaster, and Dutch Master Painter’s Son,” New York Genealogical and Biographical Record 123, no. 4 (October 1992).
26 Little Oyster Island would also: Reimer, “History of Ellis Island,” 7.
26 Ellis died in 1794: I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, vol. 5 (New York: Arno Press, 1967), 1198–1199; Thomas M. Pitkin, Keepers of the Gate: A History of Ellis Island (New York: New York University Press, 1975), 3.
27 Over the next few years: Pitkin, Keepers of the Gate, 4–5.
27 In 1807, Lieutenant Colonel: Reimer, “History of Ellis Island,” 16.
28 Nature blessed New York’s: Robert Greenhalgh Albion, The Rise of New York Port, 1815–1860 (New York: Scribner’s, 1939), 16–29.
28 Having such a natural port: Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (New York: Kondasha International, 1997), 223–229.
28 New York City was: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 435–436; Albion, 389; John Gunther, Inside U.S.A. (New York: Book of the Month Club, 1997), 555.
29 For the next few decades: Reimer, “History of Ellis Island,” 17–18.
CHAPTER TWO: CASTLE GARDEN
30 These men, women: NYT, August 7, 1855.
31 The old fort: On Castle Garden’s history, see Commercial Advertiser, June 22, 1839; James G. Wilson, ed., The Memorial History of the City of New York, vol. 4 (New York: New York History Company, 1893), 441; Phillip Lopate, Waterfront: A Journey Around Manhattan (New York: Crown Publishers, 2004), 24; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 815–816; Sharon Seitz and Stuart Miller, The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide, 2nd ed. (Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2001), 72–74.
31 The new immigration station: NYT, August 6, 7, 1855.
31 The indignation meeting: NYT, August 7, 10, 1855.
32 This was an exercise: Theodore Roosevelt, New York: A Sketch of the City’s Social, Political, and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 238, 246.
32 Born in upstate: On Rynders, see Tyler Andbinder, Five Points: The 19th Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum (New York: Free Press, 2001), 141–144, 166–167 and T. J. English, Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster (New York: Regan Books, 2005), 13–15, 26–27.
33 There were certainly: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 736.
33 Rynders was: George J. Svejda, “Castle Garden as an Immigrant Depot, 1855– 1890,” National Park Service, December 2, 1968, 41.
34 As soon as: Friedrich Kapp, Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York (New York: Nation Press, 1870), 62; Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 737.
34 A committee of: “Report of the Select Committee to Investigate Frauds upon Emigrant Passengers,” 1848, excerpted in Edith Abbott, ed., Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924), 130– 134.
34 The federal government: Hans P. Vought, The Bully Pulpit and the Melting Pot: American Presidents and the Immigrant, 1897–1933 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004), 5.
35 The job of regulating E. P. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy,