American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [237]
9 Traditional histories: John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 4. For a critique of Higham’s “psychopathological approach,” see Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006), 6–8.
9 The “nativist theme”: See John Higham, “Another Look at Nativism,” Catholic Historical Review, July 1958 and John Higham, “Instead of a Sequel, or How I Lost My Subject,” Reviews in American History 28, no. 2 (2000). 10 Few Americans argued: Allan McLaughlin, “Immigration and Public Health,” PSM, January 1904.
11 Take the opinions: Max Kohler, “Immigration and the Jews of America,” AH, January 27, 1911.
11 On the other side: Frank Sargent, “The Need of Closer Inspection and Greater Restriction of Immigrants,” Century Magazine, January 1904.
11 “We desire to”: American Jewish Committee report quoted in Max J. Kohler, Immigration and Aliens in the United States: Studies of American Immigration Laws and the Legal Status of Aliens in the United States (New York: Bloch Publishing Company, 1936), 1.
11 The laws that dealt: See Erika Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example: Race, Immigration, and American Gatekeeping, 1882–1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Spring 2002; Lucy E. Salyer, Laws Harsh As Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). On the role of Angel Island in historical interpretations of immigration, see Roger Daniels, “No Lamps Were Lit for Them: Angel Island and the Historiography of Asian American Immigration,” Journal of American Ethnic History 17, no. 1 (Fall 1997).
CHAPTER ONE: ISLAND
19 Fifty thousand: Daniel Allen Hearn, Legal Executions in New York State, 1639– 1963 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1997), 40, 299–300.
19 Pirates bring to: Rudolph Reimer, “History of Ellis Island,” mimeo, 1934, 6–7, NYPL.
20 When Washington Irving: Washington Irving, History, Tales and Sketches (New York: Library of America, 1983), 628–629.
20 “Guests from Gibbet Island”: Washington Irving, “Guests from Gibbet Island,” in Charles Neider, ed., Complete Tales of Washington Irving (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998). Irving also returns to the theme in his short story “Dolph Heyliger.”
20 Pirate hangings: “Life and Confession of Thomas Jones,” 1824, NYHS.
21 A similar tale: “Trial and Confession of William Hill,” 1826, NYHS; Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (New York: Signet Classics, 1997), 26.
21 On the night: Genius of Universal Emancipation, January 2, 1827; Ralph Clayton, “Baltimore’s Own Version of ‘Amistad’: Slave Revolt,” Baltimore Chronicle, January 7, 1998, http://baltimorechronicle.com/slave_ship2.html.
22 Confusion reigned: Reimer, “History of Ellis Island,” 24; Commercial Advertiser, April 23, 1831; Workingman’s Advocate, April 30, 1831.
22 Gibbs was a white man: “Mutiny and Murder: Confession of Charles Gibbs,” (Providence, RI: Israel Smith, 1831), NYHS.
23 Their dead bodies: New York Evening Post, April 23, 1831; Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post, April 30, 1831.
23 The island’s last: Hearn, 46; “The Life of Cornelius Wilhelms: One of the Braganza Pirates,” 1839, NYHS.
23 New York City: For an excellent discussion of New York’s waterfront, see Phillip Lopate, Waterfront: A Journey Around Manhattan (New York: Crown, 2004).
24 There are some forty: See Sharon Seitz and Stuart Miller, The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide, 2nd ed. (Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2001).
24 Many of the city’s: Lopate, Waterfront, 374.
24 In upper New York Harbor: Diana diZerega Wall and Anne-Marie Cantwell, Touring Gotham’s Archaeological Past: 8 Self Guided Walking Tours Through New York City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 20–21.
25 Seals, whales, and porpoises: Diana diZerega Wall and Anne-Marie Cantwell, Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City (New Haven, CT: